wip

zokrates_ark/src/gm17.rs

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ use zokrates_proof_systems::Scheme;
 use zokrates_proof_systems::{Backend, NonUniversalBackend, Proof, SetupKeypair};
 
 impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions> NonUniversalBackend<T, GM17> for Ark {
-    fn setup<I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+    fn setup<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>(
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     ) -> SetupKeypair<T, GM17> {
         let computation = Computation::without_witness(program);
 
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions> NonUniversalBackend<T, GM17> for Ark {
 }
 
 impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions> Backend<T, GM17> for Ark {
-    fn generate_proof<I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+    fn generate_proof<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>(
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
         witness: Witness<T>,
         proving_key: Vec<u8>,
     ) -> Proof<T, GM17> {

zokrates_ark/src/groth16.rs

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ use zokrates_proof_systems::Scheme;
 const G16_WARNING: &str = "WARNING: You are using the G16 scheme which is subject to malleability. See zokrates.github.io/toolbox/proving_schemes.html#g16-malleability for implications.";
 
 impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions> Backend<T, G16> for Ark {
-    fn generate_proof<I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+    fn generate_proof<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>(
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
         witness: Witness<T>,
         proving_key: Vec<u8>,
     ) -> Proof<T, G16> {
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions> Backend<T, G16> for Ark {
 }
 
 impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions> NonUniversalBackend<T, G16> for Ark {
-    fn setup<I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+    fn setup<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>(
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     ) -> SetupKeypair<T, G16> {
         println!("{}", G16_WARNING);
 

zokrates_ark/src/lib.rs

@@ -17,20 +17,20 @@ pub use self::parse::*;
 pub struct Ark;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Computation<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> {
+pub struct Computation<'a, T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>> {
-    program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     witness: Option<Witness<T>>,
 }
 
-impl<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> Computation<T, I> {
+impl<'a, T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>> Computation<'a, T, I> {
-    pub fn with_witness(program: ProgIterator<T, I>, witness: Witness<T>) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_witness(program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>, witness: Witness<T>) -> Self {
         Computation {
             program,
             witness: Some(witness),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn without_witness(program: ProgIterator<T, I>) -> Self {
+    pub fn without_witness(program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>) -> Self {
         Computation {
             program,
             witness: None,
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ fn ark_combination<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions>(
         .fold(LinearCombination::zero(), |acc, e| acc + e)
 }
 
-impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>
+impl<'a, T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>
     ConstraintSynthesizer<<<T as ArkFieldExtensions>::ArkEngine as PairingEngine>::Fr>
-    for Computation<T, I>
+    for Computation<'a, T, I>
 {
     fn generate_constraints(
         self,
@@ -143,7 +143,9 @@ impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> Computation<T, I> {
+impl<'a, T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>
+    Computation<'a, T, I>
+{
     pub fn public_inputs_values(&self) -> Vec<<T::ArkEngine as PairingEngine>::Fr> {
         self.program
             .public_inputs_values(self.witness.as_ref().unwrap())

zokrates_ark/src/marlin.rs

@@ -134,9 +134,9 @@ impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions> UniversalBackend<T, marlin::Marlin> for Ark
         res
     }
 
-    fn setup<I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+    fn setup<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>(
         srs: Vec<u8>,
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     ) -> Result<SetupKeypair<T, marlin::Marlin>, String> {
         let program = program.collect();
 
@@ -210,8 +210,8 @@ impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions> UniversalBackend<T, marlin::Marlin> for Ark
 }
 
 impl<T: Field + ArkFieldExtensions> Backend<T, marlin::Marlin> for Ark {
-    fn generate_proof<I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+    fn generate_proof<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>(
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
         witness: Witness<T>,
         proving_key: Vec<u8>,
     ) -> Proof<T, marlin::Marlin> {

zokrates_ast/src/common/embed.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::untyped::{
     types::{UnresolvedSignature, UnresolvedType},
     ConstantGenericNode, Expression,
 };
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use zokrates_field::Field;
 
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ cfg_if::cfg_if! {
 
 /// A low level function that contains non-deterministic introduction of variables. It is carried out as is until
 /// the flattening step when it can be inlined.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Copy, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Copy, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum FlatEmbed {
     BitArrayLe,
     Unpack,
@@ -317,8 +318,8 @@ impl FlatEmbed {
 /// - constraint system variables
 /// - arguments
 #[cfg(feature = "bellman")]
-pub fn sha256_round<T: Field>(
+pub fn sha256_round<'ast, T: Field>(
-) -> FlatFunctionIterator<T, impl IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<T>>> {
+) -> FlatFunctionIterator<'ast, T, impl IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<'ast, T>>> {
     use zokrates_field::Bn128Field;
     assert_eq!(T::id(), Bn128Field::id());
 
@@ -420,9 +421,9 @@ pub fn sha256_round<T: Field>(
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "ark")]
-pub fn snark_verify_bls12_377<T: Field>(
+pub fn snark_verify_bls12_377<'ast, T: Field>(
     n: usize,
-) -> FlatFunctionIterator<T, impl IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<T>>> {
+) -> FlatFunctionIterator<'ast, T, impl IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<'ast, T>>> {
     use zokrates_field::Bw6_761Field;
     assert_eq!(T::id(), Bw6_761Field::id());
 
@@ -546,9 +547,9 @@ fn use_variable(
 /// # Remarks
 /// * the return value of the `FlatFunction` is not deterministic if `bit_width >= T::get_required_bits()`
 ///   as some elements can have multiple representations: For example, `unpack(0)` is `[0, ..., 0]` but also `unpack(p)`
-pub fn unpack_to_bitwidth<T: Field>(
+pub fn unpack_to_bitwidth<'ast, T: Field>(
     bit_width: usize,
-) -> FlatFunctionIterator<T, impl IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<T>>> {
+) -> FlatFunctionIterator<'ast, T, impl IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<'ast, T>>> {
     let mut counter = 0;
 
     let mut layout = HashMap::new();

zokrates_ast/src/common/error.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::fmt;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum RuntimeError {
+    UnsatisfiedConstraint,
     BellmanConstraint,
     BellmanOneBinding,
     BellmanInputBinding,
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for RuntimeError {
         use RuntimeError::*;
 
         let msg = match self {
+            UnsatisfiedConstraint => "Constraint is unsatisfied",
             BellmanConstraint => "Bellman constraint is unsatisfied",
             BellmanOneBinding => "Bellman ~one binding is unsatisfied",
             BellmanInputBinding => "Bellman input binding is unsatisfied",

zokrates_ast/src/common/solvers.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+use crate::zir::ZirFunction;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::fmt;
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Hash, Eq)]
-pub enum Solver {
+pub enum Solver<'ast, T> {
     ConditionEq,
     Bits(usize),
     Div,
@@ -11,19 +12,24 @@ pub enum Solver {
     ShaAndXorAndXorAnd,
     ShaCh,
     EuclideanDiv,
+    #[serde(borrow)]
+    Zir(ZirFunction<'ast, T>),
     #[cfg(feature = "bellman")]
     Sha256Round,
     #[cfg(feature = "ark")]
     SnarkVerifyBls12377(usize),
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for Solver {
+impl<'ast, T: fmt::Debug + fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Solver<'ast, T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{:?}", self)
+        match self {
+            Solver::Zir(func) => write!(f, "Zir({})", func),
+            _ => write!(f, "{:?}", self)
+        }
     }
 }
 
-impl Solver {
+impl<'ast, T> Solver<'ast, T> {
     pub fn get_signature(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
         match self {
             Solver::ConditionEq => (1, 2),
@@ -34,6 +40,7 @@ impl Solver {
             Solver::ShaAndXorAndXorAnd => (3, 1),
             Solver::ShaCh => (3, 1),
             Solver::EuclideanDiv => (2, 2),
+            Solver::Zir(f) => (f.arguments.len(), 1),
             #[cfg(feature = "bellman")]
             Solver::Sha256Round => (768, 26935),
             #[cfg(feature = "ark")]
@@ -42,7 +49,7 @@ impl Solver {
     }
 }
 
-impl Solver {
+impl<'ast, T> Solver<'ast, T> {
     pub fn bits(width: usize) -> Self {
         Solver::Bits(width)
     }

zokrates_ast/src/flat/folder.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use super::*;
 use crate::common::Variable;
 use zokrates_field::Field;
 
-pub trait Folder<T: Field>: Sized {
+pub trait Folder<'ast, T: Field>: Sized {
-    fn fold_program(&mut self, p: FlatProg<T>) -> FlatProg<T> {
+    fn fold_program(&mut self, p: FlatProg<'ast, T>) -> FlatProg<'ast, T> {
         fold_program(self, p)
     }
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub trait Folder<T: Field>: Sized {
         fold_variable(self, v)
     }
 
-    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: FlatStatement<T>) -> Vec<FlatStatement<T>> {
+    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: FlatStatement<'ast, T>) -> Vec<FlatStatement<'ast, T>> {
         fold_statement(self, s)
     }
 
@@ -25,12 +25,15 @@ pub trait Folder<T: Field>: Sized {
         fold_expression(self, e)
     }
 
-    fn fold_directive(&mut self, d: FlatDirective<T>) -> FlatDirective<T> {
+    fn fold_directive(&mut self, d: FlatDirective<'ast, T>) -> FlatDirective<'ast, T> {
         fold_directive(self, d)
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_program<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, p: FlatProg<T>) -> FlatProg<T> {
+pub fn fold_program<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
+    f: &mut F,
+    p: FlatProg<'ast, T>,
+) -> FlatProg<'ast, T> {
     FlatProg {
         arguments: p
             .arguments
@@ -46,10 +49,10 @@ pub fn fold_program<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, p: FlatProg<T>) -> FlatPr
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_statement<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(
+pub fn fold_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
     f: &mut F,
-    s: FlatStatement<T>,
+    s: FlatStatement<'ast, T>,
-) -> Vec<FlatStatement<T>> {
+) -> Vec<FlatStatement<'ast, T>> {
     match s {
         FlatStatement::Condition(left, right, error) => vec![FlatStatement::Condition(
             f.fold_expression(left),
@@ -70,7 +73,7 @@ pub fn fold_statement<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_expression<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(
+pub fn fold_expression<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
     f: &mut F,
     e: FlatExpression<T>,
 ) -> FlatExpression<T> {
@@ -89,7 +92,10 @@ pub fn fold_expression<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_directive<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, ds: FlatDirective<T>) -> FlatDirective<T> {
+pub fn fold_directive<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
+    f: &mut F,
+    ds: FlatDirective<'ast, T>,
+) -> FlatDirective<'ast, T> {
     FlatDirective {
         inputs: ds
             .inputs
@@ -101,13 +107,13 @@ pub fn fold_directive<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, ds: FlatDirective<T>) -
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_argument<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, a: Parameter) -> Parameter {
+pub fn fold_argument<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(f: &mut F, a: Parameter) -> Parameter {
     Parameter {
         id: f.fold_variable(a.id),
         private: a.private,
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_variable<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(_f: &mut F, v: Variable) -> Variable {
+pub fn fold_variable<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(_f: &mut F, v: Variable) -> Variable {
     v
 }

zokrates_ast/src/flat/mod.rs

@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt;
 use zokrates_field::Field;
 
-pub type FlatProg<T> = FlatFunction<T>;
+pub type FlatProg<'ast, T> = FlatFunction<'ast, T>;
 
-pub type FlatFunction<T> = FlatFunctionIterator<T, Vec<FlatStatement<T>>>;
+pub type FlatFunction<'ast, T> = FlatFunctionIterator<'ast, T, Vec<FlatStatement<'ast, T>>>;
 
-pub type FlatProgIterator<T, I> = FlatFunctionIterator<T, I>;
+pub type FlatProgIterator<'ast, T, I> = FlatFunctionIterator<'ast, T, I>;
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
-pub struct FlatFunctionIterator<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<T>>> {
+pub struct FlatFunctionIterator<'ast, T, I: IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<'ast, T>>> {
     /// Arguments of the function
     pub arguments: Vec<Parameter>,
     /// Vector of statements that are executed when running the function
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ pub struct FlatFunctionIterator<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<T>>> {
     pub return_count: usize,
 }
 
-impl<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<T>>> FlatFunctionIterator<T, I> {
+impl<'ast, T, I: IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<'ast, T>>> FlatFunctionIterator<'ast, T, I> {
-    pub fn collect(self) -> FlatFunction<T> {
+    pub fn collect(self) -> FlatFunction<'ast, T> {
         FlatFunction {
             statements: self.statements.into_iter().collect(),
             arguments: self.arguments,
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<T>>> FlatFunctionIterator<T, I> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> fmt::Display for FlatFunction<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> fmt::Display for FlatFunction<'ast, T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(
             f,
@@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ impl<T: Field> fmt::Display for FlatFunction<T> {
 /// * r1cs - R1CS in standard JSON data format
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
-pub enum FlatStatement<T> {
+pub enum FlatStatement<'ast, T> {
     Condition(FlatExpression<T>, FlatExpression<T>, RuntimeError),
     Definition(Variable, FlatExpression<T>),
-    Directive(FlatDirective<T>),
+    Directive(FlatDirective<'ast, T>),
     Log(FormatString, Vec<(ConcreteType, Vec<FlatExpression<T>>)>),
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> fmt::Display for FlatStatement<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> fmt::Display for FlatStatement<'ast, T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             FlatStatement::Definition(ref lhs, ref rhs) => write!(f, "{} = {}", lhs, rhs),
@@ -116,10 +116,10 @@ impl<T: Field> fmt::Display for FlatStatement<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> FlatStatement<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> FlatStatement<'ast, T> {
     pub fn apply_substitution(
         self,
-        substitution: &HashMap<Variable, Variable>,
+        substitution: &'ast HashMap<Variable, Variable>,
     ) -> FlatStatement<T> {
         match self {
             FlatStatement::Definition(id, x) => FlatStatement::Definition(
@@ -167,16 +167,16 @@ impl<T: Field> FlatStatement<T> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Hash, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct FlatDirective<T> {
+pub struct FlatDirective<'ast, T> {
     pub inputs: Vec<FlatExpression<T>>,
     pub outputs: Vec<Variable>,
-    pub solver: Solver,
+    pub solver: Solver<'ast, T>,
 }
 
-impl<T> FlatDirective<T> {
+impl<'ast, T> FlatDirective<'ast, T> {
     pub fn new<E: Into<FlatExpression<T>>>(
         outputs: Vec<Variable>,
-        solver: Solver,
+        solver: Solver<'ast, T>,
         inputs: Vec<E>,
     ) -> Self {
         let (in_len, out_len) = solver.get_signature();
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ impl<T> FlatDirective<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> fmt::Display for FlatDirective<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> fmt::Display for FlatDirective<'ast, T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(
             f,

zokrates_ast/src/ir/check.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ pub struct UnconstrainedVariableDetector {
 }
 
 impl UnconstrainedVariableDetector {
-    pub fn new<T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(p: &ProgIterator<T, I>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new<'ast, T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>>(
+        p: &ProgIterator<'ast, T, I>,
+    ) -> Self {
         UnconstrainedVariableDetector {
             variables: p
                 .arguments
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ impl UnconstrainedVariableDetector {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> Folder<T> for UnconstrainedVariableDetector {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> Folder<'ast, T> for UnconstrainedVariableDetector {
     fn fold_argument(&mut self, p: Parameter) -> Parameter {
         p
     }
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ impl<T: Field> Folder<T> for UnconstrainedVariableDetector {
         self.variables.remove(&v);
         v
     }
-    fn fold_directive(&mut self, d: Directive<T>) -> Directive<T> {
+    fn fold_directive(&mut self, d: Directive<'ast, T>) -> Directive<'ast, T> {
         self.variables.extend(d.outputs.iter());
         d
     }

zokrates_ast/src/ir/folder.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use super::*;
 use crate::common::Variable;
 use zokrates_field::Field;
 
-pub trait Folder<T: Field>: Sized {
+pub trait Folder<'ast, T: Field>: Sized {
-    fn fold_program(&mut self, p: Prog<T>) -> Prog<T> {
+    fn fold_program(&mut self, p: Prog<'ast, T>) -> Prog<'ast, T> {
         fold_program(self, p)
     }
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub trait Folder<T: Field>: Sized {
         fold_variable(self, v)
     }
 
-    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: Statement<T>) -> Vec<Statement<T>> {
+    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: Statement<'ast, T>) -> Vec<Statement<'ast, T>> {
         fold_statement(self, s)
     }
 
@@ -29,12 +29,15 @@ pub trait Folder<T: Field>: Sized {
         fold_quadratic_combination(self, es)
     }
 
-    fn fold_directive(&mut self, d: Directive<T>) -> Directive<T> {
+    fn fold_directive(&mut self, d: Directive<'ast, T>) -> Directive<'ast, T> {
         fold_directive(self, d)
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_program<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, p: Prog<T>) -> Prog<T> {
+pub fn fold_program<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
+    f: &mut F,
+    p: Prog<'ast, T>,
+) -> Prog<'ast, T> {
     Prog {
         arguments: p
             .arguments
@@ -50,7 +53,10 @@ pub fn fold_program<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, p: Prog<T>) -> Prog<T> {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_statement<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, s: Statement<T>) -> Vec<Statement<T>> {
+pub fn fold_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
+    f: &mut F,
+    s: Statement<'ast, T>,
+) -> Vec<Statement<'ast, T>> {
     match s {
         Statement::Constraint(quad, lin, message) => vec![Statement::Constraint(
             f.fold_quadratic_combination(quad),
@@ -74,7 +80,10 @@ pub fn fold_statement<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, s: Statement<T>) -> Vec
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_linear_combination<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, e: LinComb<T>) -> LinComb<T> {
+pub fn fold_linear_combination<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
+    f: &mut F,
+    e: LinComb<T>,
+) -> LinComb<T> {
     LinComb(
         e.0.into_iter()
             .map(|(variable, coefficient)| (f.fold_variable(variable), coefficient))
@@ -82,7 +91,7 @@ pub fn fold_linear_combination<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, e: LinComb<T>)
     )
 }
 
-pub fn fold_quadratic_combination<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(
+pub fn fold_quadratic_combination<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
     f: &mut F,
     e: QuadComb<T>,
 ) -> QuadComb<T> {
@@ -92,7 +101,10 @@ pub fn fold_quadratic_combination<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_directive<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, ds: Directive<T>) -> Directive<T> {
+pub fn fold_directive<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
+    f: &mut F,
+    ds: Directive<'ast, T>,
+) -> Directive<'ast, T> {
     Directive {
         inputs: ds
             .inputs
@@ -104,13 +116,13 @@ pub fn fold_directive<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, ds: Directive<T>) -> Di
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_argument<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(f: &mut F, a: Parameter) -> Parameter {
+pub fn fold_argument<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(f: &mut F, a: Parameter) -> Parameter {
     Parameter {
         id: f.fold_variable(a.id),
         private: a.private,
     }
 }
 
-pub fn fold_variable<T: Field, F: Folder<T>>(_f: &mut F, v: Variable) -> Variable {
+pub fn fold_variable<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(_f: &mut F, v: Variable) -> Variable {
     v
 }

zokrates_ast/src/ir/from_flat.rs

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ impl<T: Field> QuadComb<T> {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn from_flat<T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<T>>>(
+pub fn from_flat<'ast, T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<'ast, T>>>(
-    flat_prog_iterator: FlatProgIterator<T, I>,
+    flat_prog_iterator: FlatProgIterator<'ast, T, I>,
-) -> ProgIterator<T, impl IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> {
+) -> ProgIterator<T, impl IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>> {
     ProgIterator {
         statements: flat_prog_iterator.statements.into_iter().map(Into::into),
         arguments: flat_prog_iterator.arguments,
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ impl<T: Field> From<FlatExpression<T>> for LinComb<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> From<FlatStatement<T>> for Statement<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> From<FlatStatement<'ast, T>> for Statement<'ast, T> {
-    fn from(flat_statement: FlatStatement<T>) -> Statement<T> {
+    fn from(flat_statement: FlatStatement<'ast, T>) -> Statement<'ast, T> {
         match flat_statement {
             FlatStatement::Condition(linear, quadratic, message) => match quadratic {
                 FlatExpression::Mult(box lhs, box rhs) => Statement::Constraint(
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ impl<T: Field> From<FlatStatement<T>> for Statement<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> From<FlatDirective<T>> for Directive<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> From<FlatDirective<'ast, T>> for Directive<'ast, T> {
-    fn from(ds: FlatDirective<T>) -> Directive<T> {
+    fn from(ds: FlatDirective<'ast, T>) -> Directive<T> {
         Directive {
             inputs: ds
                 .inputs

zokrates_ast/src/ir/mod.rs

@@ -26,15 +26,16 @@ pub use crate::common::Variable;
 pub use self::witness::Witness;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum Statement<T> {
+pub enum Statement<'ast, T> {
     Constraint(QuadComb<T>, LinComb<T>, Option<RuntimeError>),
-    Directive(Directive<T>),
+    #[serde(borrow)]
+    Directive(Directive<'ast, T>),
     Log(FormatString, Vec<(ConcreteType, Vec<LinComb<T>>)>),
 }
 
 pub type PublicInputs = BTreeSet<Variable>;
 
-impl<T: Field> Statement<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> Statement<'ast, T> {
     pub fn definition<U: Into<QuadComb<T>>>(v: Variable, e: U) -> Self {
         Statement::Constraint(e.into(), v.into(), None)
     }
@@ -45,13 +46,14 @@ impl<T: Field> Statement<T> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct Directive<T> {
+pub struct Directive<'ast, T> {
     pub inputs: Vec<QuadComb<T>>,
     pub outputs: Vec<Variable>,
-    pub solver: Solver,
+    #[serde(borrow)]
+    pub solver: Solver<'ast, T>,
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> fmt::Display for Directive<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> fmt::Display for Directive<'ast, T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(
             f,
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ impl<T: Field> fmt::Display for Directive<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> fmt::Display for Statement<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> fmt::Display for Statement<'ast, T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             Statement::Constraint(ref quad, ref lin, _) => write!(f, "{} == {}", quad, lin),
@@ -96,16 +98,16 @@ impl<T: Field> fmt::Display for Statement<T> {
     }
 }
 
-pub type Prog<T> = ProgIterator<T, Vec<Statement<T>>>;
+pub type Prog<'ast, T> = ProgIterator<'ast, T, Vec<Statement<'ast, T>>>;
 
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
-pub struct ProgIterator<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> {
+pub struct ProgIterator<'ast, T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>> {
     pub arguments: Vec<Parameter>,
     pub return_count: usize,
     pub statements: I,
 }
 
-impl<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> ProgIterator<T, I> {
+impl<'ast, T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>> ProgIterator<'ast, T, I> {
     pub fn new(arguments: Vec<Parameter>, statements: I, return_count: usize) -> Self {
         Self {
             arguments,
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ impl<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> ProgIterator<T, I> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn collect(self) -> ProgIterator<T, Vec<Statement<T>>> {
+    pub fn collect(self) -> ProgIterator<'ast, T, Vec<Statement<'ast, T>>> {
         ProgIterator {
             statements: self.statements.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             arguments: self.arguments,
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ impl<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> ProgIterator<T, I> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> ProgIterator<T, I> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>> ProgIterator<'ast, T, I> {
     pub fn public_inputs_values(&self, witness: &Witness<T>) -> Vec<T> {
         self.arguments
             .iter()
@@ -150,7 +152,7 @@ impl<T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> ProgIterator<T, I> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> Prog<T> {
+impl<'ast, T> Prog<'ast, T> {
     pub fn constraint_count(&self) -> usize {
         self.statements
             .iter()
@@ -158,7 +160,9 @@ impl<T> Prog<T> {
             .count()
     }
 
-    pub fn into_prog_iter(self) -> ProgIterator<T, impl IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> {
+    pub fn into_prog_iter(
+        self,
+    ) -> ProgIterator<'ast, T, impl IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>> {
         ProgIterator {
             statements: self.statements.into_iter(),
             arguments: self.arguments,
@@ -167,7 +171,7 @@ impl<T> Prog<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> fmt::Display for Prog<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> fmt::Display for Prog<'ast, T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         let returns = (0..self.return_count)
             .map(Variable::public)

zokrates_ast/src/ir/serialize.rs

@@ -12,32 +12,35 @@ const ZOKRATES_VERSION_2: &[u8; 4] = &[0, 0, 0, 2];
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub enum ProgEnum<
-    Bls12_381I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<Bls12_381Field>>,
+    'ast,
-    Bn128I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<Bn128Field>>,
+    Bls12_381I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, Bls12_381Field>>,
-    Bls12_377I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<Bls12_377Field>>,
+    Bn128I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, Bn128Field>>,
-    Bw6_761I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<Bw6_761Field>>,
+    Bls12_377I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, Bls12_377Field>>,
+    Bw6_761I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, Bw6_761Field>>,
 > {
-    Bls12_381Program(ProgIterator<Bls12_381Field, Bls12_381I>),
+    Bls12_381Program(ProgIterator<'ast, Bls12_381Field, Bls12_381I>),
-    Bn128Program(ProgIterator<Bn128Field, Bn128I>),
+    Bn128Program(ProgIterator<'ast, Bn128Field, Bn128I>),
-    Bls12_377Program(ProgIterator<Bls12_377Field, Bls12_377I>),
+    Bls12_377Program(ProgIterator<'ast, Bls12_377Field, Bls12_377I>),
-    Bw6_761Program(ProgIterator<Bw6_761Field, Bw6_761I>),
+    Bw6_761Program(ProgIterator<'ast, Bw6_761Field, Bw6_761I>),
 }
 
-type MemoryProgEnum = ProgEnum<
+type MemoryProgEnum<'ast> = ProgEnum<
-    Vec<Statement<Bls12_381Field>>,
+    'ast,
-    Vec<Statement<Bn128Field>>,
+    Vec<Statement<'ast, Bls12_381Field>>,
-    Vec<Statement<Bls12_377Field>>,
+    Vec<Statement<'ast, Bn128Field>>,
-    Vec<Statement<Bw6_761Field>>,
+    Vec<Statement<'ast, Bls12_377Field>>,
+    Vec<Statement<'ast, Bw6_761Field>>,
 >;
 
 impl<
-        Bls12_381I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<Bls12_381Field>>,
+        'ast,
-        Bn128I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<Bn128Field>>,
+        Bls12_381I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, Bls12_381Field>>,
-        Bls12_377I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<Bls12_377Field>>,
+        Bn128I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, Bn128Field>>,
-        Bw6_761I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<Bw6_761Field>>,
+        Bls12_377I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, Bls12_377Field>>,
-    > ProgEnum<Bls12_381I, Bn128I, Bls12_377I, Bw6_761I>
+        Bw6_761I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, Bw6_761Field>>,
+    > ProgEnum<'ast, Bls12_381I, Bn128I, Bls12_377I, Bw6_761I>
 {
-    pub fn collect(self) -> MemoryProgEnum {
+    pub fn collect(self) -> MemoryProgEnum<'ast> {
         match self {
             ProgEnum::Bls12_381Program(p) => ProgEnum::Bls12_381Program(p.collect()),
             ProgEnum::Bn128Program(p) => ProgEnum::Bn128Program(p.collect()),
@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ impl<
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> ProgIterator<T, I> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>> ProgIterator<'ast, T, I> {
     /// serialize a program iterator, returning the number of constraints serialized
     /// Note that we only return constraints, not other statements such as directives
     pub fn serialize<W: Write>(self, mut w: W) -> Result<usize, DynamicError> {
@@ -106,10 +109,11 @@ impl<'de, R: serde_cbor::de::Read<'de>, T: serde::Deserialize<'de>> Iterator
 
 impl<'de, R: Read>
     ProgEnum<
-        UnwrappedStreamDeserializer<'de, serde_cbor::de::IoRead<R>, Statement<Bls12_381Field>>,
+        'de,
-        UnwrappedStreamDeserializer<'de, serde_cbor::de::IoRead<R>, Statement<Bn128Field>>,
+        UnwrappedStreamDeserializer<'de, serde_cbor::de::IoRead<R>, Statement<'de, Bls12_381Field>>,
-        UnwrappedStreamDeserializer<'de, serde_cbor::de::IoRead<R>, Statement<Bls12_377Field>>,
+        UnwrappedStreamDeserializer<'de, serde_cbor::de::IoRead<R>, Statement<'de, Bn128Field>>,
-        UnwrappedStreamDeserializer<'de, serde_cbor::de::IoRead<R>, Statement<Bw6_761Field>>,
+        UnwrappedStreamDeserializer<'de, serde_cbor::de::IoRead<R>, Statement<'de, Bls12_377Field>>,
+        UnwrappedStreamDeserializer<'de, serde_cbor::de::IoRead<R>, Statement<'de, Bw6_761Field>>,
     >
 {
     pub fn deserialize(mut r: R) -> Result<Self, String> {

zokrates_ast/src/ir/smtlib2.rs

@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ pub trait SMTLib2 {
     fn to_smtlib2(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result;
 }
 
-pub struct SMTLib2Display<'a, T>(pub &'a Prog<T>);
+pub struct SMTLib2Display<'a, 'ast, T>(pub &'a Prog<'ast, T>);
 
-impl<T: Field> fmt::Display for SMTLib2Display<'_, T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> fmt::Display for SMTLib2Display<'_, 'ast, T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         self.0.to_smtlib2(f)
     }
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl<T: Field> Visitor<T> for VariableCollector {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> SMTLib2 for Prog<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> SMTLib2 for Prog<'ast, T> {
     fn to_smtlib2(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         let mut collector = VariableCollector {
             variables: BTreeSet::<Variable>::new(),
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fn format_prefix_op_smtlib2<T: SMTLib2, Ts: SMTLib2>(
     write!(f, ")")
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> SMTLib2 for Statement<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> SMTLib2 for Statement<'ast, T> {
     fn to_smtlib2(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             Statement::Constraint(ref quad, ref lin, _) => {
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl<T: Field> SMTLib2 for Statement<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> SMTLib2 for Directive<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> SMTLib2 for Directive<'ast, T> {
     fn to_smtlib2(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "")
     }

zokrates_ast/src/typed/folder.rs

@@ -260,6 +260,13 @@ pub trait Folder<'ast, T: Field>: Sized {
         fold_assignee(self, a)
     }
 
+    fn fold_assembly_statement(
+        &mut self,
+        s: TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+    ) -> TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T> {
+        fold_assembly_statement(self, s)
+    }
+
     fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: TypedStatement<'ast, T>) -> Vec<TypedStatement<'ast, T>> {
         fold_statement(self, s)
     }
@@ -505,6 +512,21 @@ pub fn fold_definition_rhs<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
     }
 }
 
+pub fn fold_assembly_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
+    f: &mut F,
+    s: TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+) -> TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T> {
+    match s {
+        TypedAssemblyStatement::Assignment(a, e) => {
+            TypedAssemblyStatement::Assignment(f.fold_assignee(a), f.fold_field_expression(e))
+        }
+        TypedAssemblyStatement::Constraint(lhs, rhs) => TypedAssemblyStatement::Constraint(
+            f.fold_field_expression(lhs),
+            f.fold_field_expression(rhs),
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn fold_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
     f: &mut F,
     s: TypedStatement<'ast, T>,
@@ -529,6 +551,12 @@ pub fn fold_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
         TypedStatement::Log(s, e) => {
             TypedStatement::Log(s, e.into_iter().map(|e| f.fold_expression(e)).collect())
         }
+        TypedStatement::Assembly(statements) => TypedStatement::Assembly(
+            statements
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|s| f.fold_assembly_statement(s))
+                .collect(),
+        ),
         s => s,
     };
     vec![res]

zokrates_ast/src/typed/identifier.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 use crate::typed::CanonicalConstantIdentifier;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::fmt;
 
-pub type SourceIdentifier<'ast> = &'ast str;
+pub type SourceIdentifier<'ast> = std::borrow::Cow<'ast, str>;
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum CoreIdentifier<'ast> {
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     Source(ShadowedIdentifier<'ast>),
     Call(usize),
     Constant(CanonicalConstantIdentifier<'ast>),
@@ -29,16 +31,18 @@ impl<'ast> From<CanonicalConstantIdentifier<'ast>> for CoreIdentifier<'ast> {
 }
 
 /// A identifier for a variable
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Identifier<'ast> {
     /// the id of the variable
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     pub id: CoreIdentifier<'ast>,
     /// the version of the variable, used after SSA transformation
     pub version: usize,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ShadowedIdentifier<'ast> {
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     pub id: SourceIdentifier<'ast>,
     pub shadow: usize,
 }
@@ -97,7 +101,7 @@ impl<'ast> Identifier<'ast> {
 // these two From implementations are only used in tests but somehow cfg(test) doesn't work
 impl<'ast> From<&'ast str> for CoreIdentifier<'ast> {
     fn from(s: &str) -> CoreIdentifier {
-        CoreIdentifier::Source(ShadowedIdentifier::shadow(s, 0))
+        CoreIdentifier::Source(ShadowedIdentifier::shadow(std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(s), 0))
     }
 }
 

zokrates_ast/src/typed/mod.rs

@@ -675,6 +675,28 @@ impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for DefinitionRhs<'ast, T> {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Hash, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub enum TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T> {
+    Assignment(TypedAssignee<'ast, T>, FieldElementExpression<'ast, T>),
+    Constraint(
+        FieldElementExpression<'ast, T>,
+        FieldElementExpression<'ast, T>,
+    ),
+}
+
+impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            TypedAssemblyStatement::Assignment(ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
+                write!(f, "{} <-- {}", lhs, rhs)
+            }
+            TypedAssemblyStatement::Constraint(ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
+                write!(f, "{} === {}", lhs, rhs)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// A statement in a `TypedFunction`
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Hash, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
@@ -695,6 +717,7 @@ pub enum TypedStatement<'ast, T> {
         ConcreteGenericsAssignment<'ast>,
     ),
     PopCallLog,
+    Assembly(Vec<TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>>),
 }
 
 impl<'ast, T> TypedStatement<'ast, T> {
@@ -719,6 +742,14 @@ impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display> TypedStatement<'ast, T> {
                 }
                 write!(f, "{}}}", "\t".repeat(depth))
             }
+            TypedStatement::Assembly(statements) => {
+                write!(f, "{}", "\t".repeat(depth))?;
+                writeln!(f, "asm {{")?;
+                for s in statements {
+                    writeln!(f, "{}{}", "\t".repeat(depth + 1), s)?;
+                }
+                write!(f, "{}}}", "\t".repeat(depth))
+            }
             s => write!(f, "{}{}", "\t".repeat(depth), s),
         }
     }
@@ -766,6 +797,13 @@ impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for TypedStatement<'ast, T> {
                 generics,
             ),
             TypedStatement::PopCallLog => write!(f, "// POP CALL",),
+            TypedStatement::Assembly(ref statements) => {
+                writeln!(f, "asm {{")?;
+                for s in statements {
+                    writeln!(f, "\t\t{}", s)?;
+                }
+                write!(f, "\t}}")
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1173,6 +1211,73 @@ pub enum FieldElementExpression<'ast, T> {
     Select(SelectExpression<'ast, T, Self>),
     Element(ElementExpression<'ast, T, Self>),
 }
+
+impl<'ast, T: Clone> From<TypedAssignee<'ast, T>> for TupleExpression<'ast, T> {
+    fn from(assignee: TypedAssignee<'ast, T>) -> Self {
+        match assignee {
+            TypedAssignee::Identifier(v) => {
+                let inner = TupleExpressionInner::Identifier(v.id);
+                match v._type {
+                    GType::Tuple(tuple_ty) => inner.annotate(tuple_ty),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                }
+            }
+            TypedAssignee::Select(box a, box index) => TupleExpression::select(a.into(), index),
+            TypedAssignee::Member(box a, id) => TupleExpression::member(a.into(), id),
+            TypedAssignee::Element(box a, index) => TupleExpression::element(a.into(), index),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ast, T: Clone> From<TypedAssignee<'ast, T>> for StructExpression<'ast, T> {
+    fn from(assignee: TypedAssignee<'ast, T>) -> Self {
+        match assignee {
+            TypedAssignee::Identifier(v) => {
+                let inner = StructExpressionInner::Identifier(v.id);
+                match v._type {
+                    GType::Struct(struct_ty) => inner.annotate(struct_ty),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                }
+            }
+            TypedAssignee::Select(box a, box index) => StructExpression::select(a.into(), index),
+            TypedAssignee::Member(box a, id) => StructExpression::member(a.into(), id),
+            TypedAssignee::Element(box a, index) => StructExpression::element(a.into(), index),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ast, T: Clone> From<TypedAssignee<'ast, T>> for ArrayExpression<'ast, T> {
+    fn from(assignee: TypedAssignee<'ast, T>) -> Self {
+        match assignee {
+            TypedAssignee::Identifier(v) => {
+                let inner = ArrayExpressionInner::Identifier(v.id);
+                match v._type {
+                    GType::Array(array_ty) => inner.annotate(*array_ty.ty, *array_ty.size),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                }
+            }
+            TypedAssignee::Select(box a, box index) => ArrayExpression::select(a.into(), index),
+            TypedAssignee::Member(box a, id) => ArrayExpression::member(a.into(), id),
+            TypedAssignee::Element(box a, index) => ArrayExpression::element(a.into(), index),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ast, T: Clone> From<TypedAssignee<'ast, T>> for FieldElementExpression<'ast, T> {
+    fn from(assignee: TypedAssignee<'ast, T>) -> Self {
+        match assignee {
+            TypedAssignee::Identifier(v) => FieldElementExpression::Identifier(v.id),
+            TypedAssignee::Element(box a, index) => {
+                FieldElementExpression::element(a.into(), index)
+            }
+            TypedAssignee::Member(box a, id) => FieldElementExpression::member(a.into(), id),
+            TypedAssignee::Select(box a, box index) => {
+                FieldElementExpression::select(a.into(), index)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'ast, T> Add for FieldElementExpression<'ast, T> {
     type Output = Self;
 
@@ -1209,6 +1314,9 @@ impl<'ast, T> FieldElementExpression<'ast, T> {
     pub fn pow(self, other: UExpression<'ast, T>) -> Self {
         FieldElementExpression::Pow(box self, box other)
     }
+    pub fn is_quadratic(&self) -> bool {
+        true // TODO: implement
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'ast, T> From<T> for FieldElementExpression<'ast, T> {

zokrates_ast/src/typed/result_folder.rs

@@ -378,6 +378,13 @@ pub trait ResultFolder<'ast, T: Field>: Sized {
         fold_assignee(self, a)
     }
 
+    fn fold_assembly_statement(
+        &mut self,
+        s: TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+    ) -> Result<TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>, Self::Error> {
+        fold_assembly_statement(self, s)
+    }
+
     fn fold_statement(
         &mut self,
         s: TypedStatement<'ast, T>,
@@ -508,6 +515,21 @@ pub trait ResultFolder<'ast, T: Field>: Sized {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn fold_assembly_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: ResultFolder<'ast, T>>(
+    f: &mut F,
+    s: TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+) -> Result<TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>, F::Error> {
+    Ok(match s {
+        TypedAssemblyStatement::Assignment(a, e) => {
+            TypedAssemblyStatement::Assignment(f.fold_assignee(a)?, f.fold_field_expression(e)?)
+        }
+        TypedAssemblyStatement::Constraint(lhs, rhs) => TypedAssemblyStatement::Constraint(
+            f.fold_field_expression(lhs)?,
+            f.fold_field_expression(rhs)?,
+        ),
+    })
+}
+
 pub fn fold_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: ResultFolder<'ast, T>>(
     f: &mut F,
     s: TypedStatement<'ast, T>,
@@ -538,6 +560,12 @@ pub fn fold_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: ResultFolder<'ast, T>>(
                 .map(|e| f.fold_expression(e))
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
         ),
+        TypedStatement::Assembly(statements) => TypedStatement::Assembly(
+            statements
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|s| f.fold_assembly_statement(s))
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
+        ),
         s => s,
     };
     Ok(vec![res])

zokrates_ast/src/typed/types.rs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub struct GenericIdentifier<'ast> {
 impl<'ast> From<GenericIdentifier<'ast>> for CoreIdentifier<'ast> {
     fn from(g: GenericIdentifier<'ast>) -> CoreIdentifier<'ast> {
         // generic identifiers are always declared in the function scope, which is shadow 0
-        CoreIdentifier::Source(ShadowedIdentifier::shadow(g.name(), 0))
+        CoreIdentifier::Source(ShadowedIdentifier::shadow(std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(g.name()), 0))
     }
 }
 
@@ -119,9 +119,10 @@ pub struct SpecializationError;
 
 pub type ConstantIdentifier<'ast> = &'ast str;
 
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct CanonicalConstantIdentifier<'ast> {
     pub module: OwnedTypedModuleId,
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     pub id: ConstantIdentifier<'ast>,
 }
 

zokrates_ast/src/untyped/from_ast.rs

@@ -280,6 +280,7 @@ impl<'ast> From<pest::Statement<'ast>> for untyped::StatementNode<'ast> {
             pest::Statement::Assertion(s) => untyped::StatementNode::from(s),
             pest::Statement::Return(s) => untyped::StatementNode::from(s),
             pest::Statement::Log(s) => untyped::StatementNode::from(s),
+            pest::Statement::Assembly(s) => untyped::StatementNode::from(s),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -343,6 +344,32 @@ impl<'ast> From<pest::IterationStatement<'ast>> for untyped::StatementNode<'ast>
     }
 }
 
+impl<'ast> From<pest::AssemblyStatement<'ast>> for untyped::StatementNode<'ast> {
+    fn from(statement: pest::AssemblyStatement<'ast>) -> untyped::StatementNode<'ast> {
+        use crate::untyped::NodeValue;
+
+        let statements = statement
+            .inner
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|s| match s {
+                pest::AssemblyStatementInner::Assignment(a) => {
+                    untyped::AssemblyStatement::Assignment(
+                        a.assignee.into(),
+                        a.expression.into(),
+                        matches!(a.operator, pest::AssignmentOperator::AssignConstrain),
+                    )
+                    .span(a.span)
+                }
+                pest::AssemblyStatementInner::Constraint(c) => {
+                    untyped::AssemblyStatement::Constraint(c.lhs.into(), c.rhs.into()).span(c.span)
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        untyped::Statement::Assembly(statements).span(statement.span)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'ast> From<pest::Expression<'ast>> for untyped::ExpressionNode<'ast> {
     fn from(expression: pest::Expression<'ast>) -> untyped::ExpressionNode<'ast> {
         match expression {

zokrates_ast/src/untyped/mod.rs

@@ -382,6 +382,33 @@ impl<'ast> fmt::Display for Assignee<'ast> {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum AssemblyStatement<'ast> {
+    Assignment(AssigneeNode<'ast>, ExpressionNode<'ast>, bool),
+    Constraint(ExpressionNode<'ast>, ExpressionNode<'ast>),
+}
+
+pub type AssemblyStatementNode<'ast> = Node<AssemblyStatement<'ast>>;
+
+impl<'ast> fmt::Display for AssemblyStatement<'ast> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            AssemblyStatement::Assignment(ref lhs, ref rhs, ref constrained) => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "{} <{} {}",
+                    lhs,
+                    if *constrained { "==" } else { "--" },
+                    rhs
+                )
+            }
+            AssemblyStatement::Constraint(ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
+                write!(f, "{} === {}", lhs, rhs)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// A statement in a `Function`
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
@@ -397,6 +424,7 @@ pub enum Statement<'ast> {
         Vec<StatementNode<'ast>>,
     ),
     Log(&'ast str, Vec<ExpressionNode<'ast>>),
+    Assembly(Vec<AssemblyStatementNode<'ast>>),
 }
 
 pub type StatementNode<'ast> = Node<Statement<'ast>>;
@@ -431,7 +459,7 @@ impl<'ast> fmt::Display for Statement<'ast> {
             }
             Statement::Log(ref l, ref expressions) => write!(
                 f,
-                "log({}, {})",
+                "log({}, {});",
                 l,
                 expressions
                     .iter()
@@ -439,6 +467,13 @@ impl<'ast> fmt::Display for Statement<'ast> {
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(", ")
             ),
+            Statement::Assembly(ref statements) => {
+                writeln!(f, "asm {{")?;
+                for s in statements {
+                    writeln!(f, "\t\t{};", s)?;
+                }
+                write!(f, "\t}}")
+            }
         }
     }
 }

zokrates_ast/src/untyped/node.rs

@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ use super::*;
 impl<'ast> NodeValue for Expression<'ast> {}
 impl<'ast> NodeValue for Assignee<'ast> {}
 impl<'ast> NodeValue for Statement<'ast> {}
+impl<'ast> NodeValue for AssemblyStatement<'ast> {}
 impl<'ast> NodeValue for SymbolDeclaration<'ast> {}
 impl<'ast> NodeValue for UnresolvedType<'ast> {}
 impl<'ast> NodeValue for StructDefinition<'ast> {}

zokrates_ast/src/zir/folder.rs

@@ -56,6 +56,13 @@ pub trait Folder<'ast, T: Field>: Sized {
         self.fold_variable(a)
     }
 
+    fn fold_assembly_statement(
+        &mut self,
+        s: ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+    ) -> ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T> {
+        fold_assembly_statement(self, s)
+    }
+
     fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: ZirStatement<'ast, T>) -> Vec<ZirStatement<'ast, T>> {
         fold_statement(self, s)
     }
@@ -127,6 +134,24 @@ pub trait Folder<'ast, T: Field>: Sized {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn fold_assembly_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
+    f: &mut F,
+    s: ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+) -> ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T> {
+    match s {
+        ZirAssemblyStatement::Assignment(assignees, function) => {
+            let assignees = assignees.into_iter().map(|a| f.fold_assignee(a)).collect();
+            let function = f.fold_function(function);
+            ZirAssemblyStatement::Assignment(assignees, function)
+        }
+        ZirAssemblyStatement::Constraint(lhs, rhs) => {
+            let lhs = f.fold_field_expression(lhs);
+            let rhs = f.fold_field_expression(rhs);
+            ZirAssemblyStatement::Constraint(lhs, rhs)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn fold_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
     f: &mut F,
     s: ZirStatement<'ast, T>,
@@ -165,6 +190,12 @@ pub fn fold_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: Folder<'ast, T>>(
                 .map(|(t, e)| (t, e.into_iter().map(|e| f.fold_expression(e)).collect()))
                 .collect(),
         ),
+        ZirStatement::Assembly(statements) => ZirStatement::Assembly(
+            statements
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|s| f.fold_assembly_statement(s))
+                .collect(),
+        ),
     };
     vec![res]
 }

zokrates_ast/src/zir/identifier.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 use crate::zir::types::MemberId;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::fmt;
 
 use crate::typed::Identifier as CoreIdentifier;
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum Identifier<'ast> {
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     Source(SourceIdentifier<'ast>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum SourceIdentifier<'ast> {
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     Basic(CoreIdentifier<'ast>),
     Select(Box<SourceIdentifier<'ast>>, u32),
     Member(Box<SourceIdentifier<'ast>>, MemberId),

zokrates_ast/src/zir/mod.rs

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use zokrates_field::Field;
 
 pub use self::folder::Folder;
 pub use self::identifier::{Identifier, SourceIdentifier};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 /// A typed program as a collection of modules, one of them being the main
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
@@ -34,11 +35,13 @@ impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for ZirProgram<'ast, T> {
     }
 }
 /// A typed function
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ZirFunction<'ast, T> {
     /// Arguments of the function
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     pub arguments: Vec<Parameter<'ast>>,
     /// Vector of statements that are executed when running the function
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     pub statements: Vec<ZirStatement<'ast, T>>,
     /// function signature
     pub signature: Signature,
@@ -88,7 +91,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for ZirFunction<'ast, T> {
 
 pub type ZirAssignee<'ast> = Variable<'ast>;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum RuntimeError {
     SourceAssertion(String),
     SelectRangeCheck,
@@ -113,8 +116,70 @@ impl RuntimeError {
     }
 }
 
+// #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Debug)]
+// pub struct ZirBlock<'ast, T> {
+//     pub statements: Vec<ZirStatement<'ast, T>>,
+//     pub value: FieldElementExpression<'ast, T>,
+// }
+//
+// impl<'ast, T> ZirBlock<'ast, T> {
+//     pub fn new(
+//         statements: Vec<ZirStatement<'ast, T>>,
+//         value: FieldElementExpression<'ast, T>,
+//     ) -> Self {
+//         Self { statements, value }
+//     }
+// }
+// impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for ZirBlock<'ast, T> {
+//     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+//         write!(
+//             f,
+//             "{{\n{}\n}}",
+//             self.statements
+//                 .iter()
+//                 .map(|s| s.to_string())
+//                 .chain(std::iter::once(self.value.to_string()))
+//                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+//                 .join("\n")
+//         )
+//     }
+// }
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T> {
+    Assignment(
+        #[serde(borrow)] Vec<ZirAssignee<'ast>>,
+        ZirFunction<'ast, T>,
+    ),
+    Constraint(
+        FieldElementExpression<'ast, T>,
+        FieldElementExpression<'ast, T>,
+    ),
+}
+
+impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            ZirAssemblyStatement::Assignment(ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "{} <-- {}",
+                    lhs.iter()
+                        .map(|a| a.id.to_string())
+                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                        .join(", "),
+                    rhs
+                )
+            }
+            ZirAssemblyStatement::Constraint(ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
+                write!(f, "{} === {}", lhs, rhs)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// A statement in a `ZirFunction`
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ZirStatement<'ast, T> {
     Return(Vec<ZirExpression<'ast, T>>),
     Definition(ZirAssignee<'ast>, ZirExpression<'ast, T>),
@@ -129,6 +194,7 @@ pub enum ZirStatement<'ast, T> {
         FormatString,
         Vec<(ConcreteType, Vec<ZirExpression<'ast, T>>)>,
     ),
+    Assembly(#[serde(borrow)] Vec<ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>>),
 }
 
 impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for ZirStatement<'ast, T> {
@@ -142,15 +208,19 @@ impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display> ZirStatement<'ast, T> {
         write!(f, "{}", "\t".repeat(depth))?;
         match self {
             ZirStatement::Return(ref exprs) => {
+                write!(f, "return")?;
+                if exprs.len() > 0 {
                     write!(
                         f,
-                    "return {};",
+                        " {}",
                         exprs
                             .iter()
                             .map(|e| e.to_string())
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                             .join(", ")
-                )
+                    )?;
+                }
+                write!(f, ";")
             }
             ZirStatement::Definition(ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
                 write!(f, "{} = {};", lhs, rhs)
@@ -166,7 +236,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display> ZirStatement<'ast, T> {
                     s.fmt_indented(f, depth + 1)?;
                     writeln!(f)?;
                 }
-                write!(f, "{}}};", "\t".repeat(depth))
+                write!(f, "{}}}", "\t".repeat(depth))
             }
             ZirStatement::Assertion(ref e, ref error) => {
                 write!(f, "assert({}", e)?;
@@ -200,6 +270,13 @@ impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display> ZirStatement<'ast, T> {
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(", ")
             ),
+            ZirStatement::Assembly(statements) => {
+                writeln!(f, "asm {{")?;
+                for s in statements {
+                    writeln!(f, "{}{}", "\t".repeat(depth + 1), s)?;
+                }
+                write!(f, "{}}}", "\t".repeat(depth))
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -208,8 +285,9 @@ pub trait Typed {
     fn get_type(&self) -> Type;
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ConditionalExpression<'ast, T, E> {
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     pub condition: Box<BooleanExpression<'ast, T>>,
     pub consequence: Box<E>,
     pub alternative: Box<E>,
@@ -235,9 +313,10 @@ impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display, E: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for ConditionalExpress
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct SelectExpression<'ast, T, E> {
     pub array: Vec<E>,
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     pub index: Box<UExpression<'ast, T>>,
 }
 
@@ -266,11 +345,11 @@ impl<'ast, T: fmt::Display, E: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for SelectExpression<'
 }
 
 /// A typed expression
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ZirExpression<'ast, T> {
     Boolean(BooleanExpression<'ast, T>),
     FieldElement(FieldElementExpression<'ast, T>),
-    Uint(UExpression<'ast, T>),
+    Uint(#[serde(borrow)] UExpression<'ast, T>),
 }
 
 impl<'ast, T: Field> From<BooleanExpression<'ast, T>> for ZirExpression<'ast, T> {
@@ -343,15 +422,20 @@ pub trait MultiTyped {
     fn get_types(&self) -> &Vec<Type>;
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ZirExpressionList<'ast, T> {
-    EmbedCall(FlatEmbed, Vec<u32>, Vec<ZirExpression<'ast, T>>),
+    EmbedCall(
+        FlatEmbed,
+        Vec<u32>,
+        #[serde(borrow)] Vec<ZirExpression<'ast, T>>,
+    ),
 }
 
 /// An expression of type `field`
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum FieldElementExpression<'ast, T> {
     Number(T),
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     Identifier(Identifier<'ast>),
     Select(SelectExpression<'ast, T, Self>),
     Add(
@@ -372,15 +456,16 @@ pub enum FieldElementExpression<'ast, T> {
     ),
     Pow(
         Box<FieldElementExpression<'ast, T>>,
-        Box<UExpression<'ast, T>>,
+        #[serde(borrow)] Box<UExpression<'ast, T>>,
     ),
     Conditional(ConditionalExpression<'ast, T, FieldElementExpression<'ast, T>>),
 }
 
 /// An expression of type `bool`
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum BooleanExpression<'ast, T> {
     Value(bool),
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     Identifier(Identifier<'ast>),
     Select(SelectExpression<'ast, T, Self>),
     FieldLt(

zokrates_ast/src/zir/parameter.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 use crate::zir::Variable;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::fmt;
 
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Parameter<'ast> {
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     pub id: Variable<'ast>,
     pub private: bool,
 }

zokrates_ast/src/zir/result_folder.rs

@@ -61,6 +61,13 @@ pub trait ResultFolder<'ast, T: Field>: Sized {
         self.fold_variable(a)
     }
 
+    fn fold_assembly_statement(
+        &mut self,
+        s: ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+    ) -> Result<ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>, Self::Error> {
+        fold_assembly_statement(self, s)
+    }
+
     fn fold_statement(
         &mut self,
         s: ZirStatement<'ast, T>,
@@ -144,6 +151,26 @@ pub trait ResultFolder<'ast, T: Field>: Sized {
         fold_uint_expression_inner(self, bitwidth, e)
     }
 }
+pub fn fold_assembly_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: ResultFolder<'ast, T>>(
+    f: &mut F,
+    s: ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+) -> Result<ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>, F::Error> {
+    Ok(match s {
+        ZirAssemblyStatement::Assignment(assignees, function) => {
+            let assignees = assignees
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|a| f.fold_assignee(a))
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+            let function = f.fold_function(function)?;
+            ZirAssemblyStatement::Assignment(assignees, function)
+        }
+        ZirAssemblyStatement::Constraint(lhs, rhs) => {
+            let lhs = f.fold_field_expression(lhs)?;
+            let rhs = f.fold_field_expression(rhs)?;
+            ZirAssemblyStatement::Constraint(lhs, rhs)
+        }
+    })
+}
 
 pub fn fold_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: ResultFolder<'ast, T>>(
     f: &mut F,
@@ -199,6 +226,13 @@ pub fn fold_statement<'ast, T: Field, F: ResultFolder<'ast, T>>(
 
             ZirStatement::Log(l, e)
         }
+        ZirStatement::Assembly(statements) => {
+            let statements = statements
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|s| f.fold_assembly_statement(s))
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+            ZirStatement::Assembly(statements)
+        }
     };
     Ok(vec![res])
 }

zokrates_ast/src/zir/uint.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::zir::identifier::Identifier;
 use crate::zir::types::UBitwidth;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use zokrates_field::Field;
 
 use super::{ConditionalExpression, SelectExpression};
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ impl<'ast, T> From<u32> for UExpression<'ast, T> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ShouldReduce {
     Unknown,
     True,
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ impl ShouldReduce {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct UMetadata<T> {
     pub max: T,
     pub should_reduce: ShouldReduce,
@@ -162,16 +163,18 @@ impl<T: Field> UMetadata<T> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct UExpression<'ast, T> {
     pub bitwidth: UBitwidth,
     pub metadata: Option<UMetadata<T>>,
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     pub inner: UExpressionInner<'ast, T>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum UExpressionInner<'ast, T> {
     Value(u128),
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     Identifier(Identifier<'ast>),
     Select(SelectExpression<'ast, T, UExpression<'ast, T>>),
     Add(Box<UExpression<'ast, T>>, Box<UExpression<'ast, T>>),

zokrates_ast/src/zir/variable.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 use crate::zir::types::{Type, UBitwidth};
 use crate::zir::Identifier;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::fmt;
 
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Variable<'ast> {
+    #[serde(borrow)]
     pub id: Identifier<'ast>,
     pub _type: Type,
 }

zokrates_bellman/src/groth16.rs

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ use zokrates_proof_systems::Scheme;
 const G16_WARNING: &str = "WARNING: You are using the G16 scheme which is subject to malleability. See zokrates.github.io/toolbox/proving_schemes.html#g16-malleability for implications.";
 
 impl<T: Field + BellmanFieldExtensions> Backend<T, G16> for Bellman {
-    fn generate_proof<I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+    fn generate_proof<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>(
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
         witness: Witness<T>,
         proving_key: Vec<u8>,
     ) -> Proof<T, G16> {
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ impl<T: Field + BellmanFieldExtensions> Backend<T, G16> for Bellman {
 }
 
 impl<T: Field + BellmanFieldExtensions> NonUniversalBackend<T, G16> for Bellman {
-    fn setup<I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+    fn setup<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>(
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     ) -> SetupKeypair<T, G16> {
         println!("{}", G16_WARNING);
 
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ impl<T: Field + BellmanFieldExtensions> NonUniversalBackend<T, G16> for Bellman
 }
 
 impl<T: Field + BellmanFieldExtensions> MpcBackend<T, G16> for Bellman {
-    fn initialize<R: Read, W: Write, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+    fn initialize<'a, R: Read, W: Write, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>(
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
         phase1_radix: &mut R,
         output: &mut W,
     ) -> Result<(), String> {
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ impl<T: Field + BellmanFieldExtensions> MpcBackend<T, G16> for Bellman {
         Ok(hash)
     }
 
-    fn verify<P: Read, R: Read, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+    fn verify<'a, P: Read, R: Read, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>(
         params: &mut P,
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
         phase1_radix: &mut R,
     ) -> Result<Vec<[u8; 64]>, String> {
         let params =

zokrates_bellman/src/lib.rs

@@ -22,20 +22,20 @@ pub use self::parse::*;
 pub struct Bellman;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Computation<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> {
+pub struct Computation<'a, T, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>> {
-    program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     witness: Option<Witness<T>>,
 }
 
-impl<T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> Computation<T, I> {
+impl<'a, T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>> Computation<'a, T, I> {
-    pub fn with_witness(program: ProgIterator<T, I>, witness: Witness<T>) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_witness(program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>, witness: Witness<T>) -> Self {
         Computation {
             program,
             witness: Some(witness),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn without_witness(program: ProgIterator<T, I>) -> Self {
+    pub fn without_witness(program: ProgIterator<'a, T, I>) -> Self {
         Computation {
             program,
             witness: None,
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ fn bellman_combination<T: BellmanFieldExtensions, CS: ConstraintSystem<T::Bellma
         .fold(LinearCombination::zero(), |acc, e| acc + e)
 }
 
-impl<T: BellmanFieldExtensions + Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>
+impl<'a, T: BellmanFieldExtensions + Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>
-    Circuit<T::BellmanEngine> for Computation<T, I>
+    Circuit<T::BellmanEngine> for Computation<'a, T, I>
 {
     fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<T::BellmanEngine>>(
         self,
@@ -148,7 +148,9 @@ impl<T: BellmanFieldExtensions + Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: BellmanFieldExtensions + Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> Computation<T, I> {
+impl<'a, T: BellmanFieldExtensions + Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'a, T>>>
+    Computation<'a, T, I>
+{
     fn get_random_seed(&self) -> Result<[u32; 8], getrandom::Error> {
         let mut seed = [0u8; 32];
         getrandom::getrandom(&mut seed)?;

zokrates_cli/src/ops/compute_witness.rs

@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ pub fn exec(sub_matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), String> {
     }
 }
 
-fn cli_compute<T: Field, I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>>(
+fn cli_compute<'a, T: Field, I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>>(
-    ir_prog: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    ir_prog: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     sub_matches: &ArgMatches,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     println!("Computing witness...");

zokrates_cli/src/ops/generate_proof.rs

@@ -136,12 +136,13 @@ pub fn exec(sub_matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), String> {
 }
 
 fn cli_generate_proof<
+    'a,
     T: Field,
-    I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>,
+    I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>,
     S: Scheme<T>,
     B: Backend<T, S>,
 >(
-    program: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    program: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     sub_matches: &ArgMatches,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     println!("Generating proof...");

zokrates_cli/src/ops/generate_smtlib2.rs

@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ pub fn exec(sub_matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), String> {
     }
 }
 
-fn cli_smtlib2<T: Field, I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>>(
+fn cli_smtlib2<'a, T: Field, I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>>(
-    ir_prog: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    ir_prog: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     sub_matches: &ArgMatches,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     println!("Generating SMTLib2...");

zokrates_cli/src/ops/inspect.rs

@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ pub fn exec(sub_matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), String> {
     }
 }
 
-fn cli_inspect<T: Field, I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>>(
+fn cli_inspect<'a, T: Field, I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>>(
-    ir_prog: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    ir_prog: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     sub_matches: &ArgMatches,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let ir_prog: ir::Prog<T> = ir_prog.collect();

zokrates_cli/src/ops/mpc/init.rs

@@ -58,12 +58,13 @@ pub fn exec(sub_matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), String> {
 }
 
 fn cli_mpc_init<
+    'a,
     T: Field + BellmanFieldExtensions,
-    I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>,
+    I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>,
     S: MpcScheme<T>,
     B: MpcBackend<T, S>,
 >(
-    program: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    program: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     sub_matches: &ArgMatches,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     println!("Initializing MPC...");

zokrates_cli/src/ops/mpc/verify.rs

@@ -58,12 +58,13 @@ pub fn exec(sub_matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), String> {
 }
 
 fn cli_mpc_verify<
+    'a,
     T: Field + BellmanFieldExtensions,
-    I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>,
+    I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>,
     S: MpcScheme<T>,
     B: MpcBackend<T, S>,
 >(
-    program: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    program: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     sub_matches: &ArgMatches,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     println!("Verifying contributions...");

zokrates_cli/src/ops/setup.rs

@@ -167,12 +167,13 @@ pub fn exec(sub_matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), String> {
 }
 
 fn cli_setup_non_universal<
+    'a,
     T: Field,
-    I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>,
+    I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>,
     S: NonUniversalScheme<T>,
     B: NonUniversalBackend<T, S>,
 >(
-    program: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    program: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     sub_matches: &ArgMatches,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     println!("Performing setup...");
@@ -211,12 +212,13 @@ fn cli_setup_non_universal<
 }
 
 fn cli_setup_universal<
+    'a,
     T: Field,
-    I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>,
+    I: Iterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>,
     S: UniversalScheme<T>,
     B: UniversalBackend<T, S>,
 >(
-    program: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    program: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     srs: Vec<u8>,
     sub_matches: &ArgMatches,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {

zokrates_core/src/compile.rs

@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ use zokrates_field::Field;
 use zokrates_pest_ast as pest;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct CompilationArtifacts<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>> {
+pub struct CompilationArtifacts<'ast, T, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<'ast, T>>> {
-    prog: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    prog: ir::ProgIterator<'ast, T, I>,
     abi: Abi,
 }
 
-impl<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>> CompilationArtifacts<T, I> {
+impl<'ast, T, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<'ast, T>>> CompilationArtifacts<'ast, T, I> {
-    pub fn prog(self) -> ir::ProgIterator<T, I> {
+    pub fn prog(self) -> ir::ProgIterator<'ast, T, I> {
         self.prog
     }
 
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ impl<T, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>> CompilationArtifacts<T, I> {
         &self.abi
     }
 
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> (ir::ProgIterator<T, I>, Abi) {
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> (ir::ProgIterator<'ast, T, I>, Abi) {
         (self.prog, self.abi)
     }
 
-    pub fn collect(self) -> CompilationArtifacts<T, Vec<ir::Statement<T>>> {
+    pub fn collect(self) -> CompilationArtifacts<'ast, T, Vec<ir::Statement<'ast, T>>> {
         CompilationArtifacts {
             prog: self.prog.collect(),
             abi: self.abi,
@@ -201,8 +201,10 @@ pub fn compile<'ast, T: Field, E: Into<imports::Error>>(
     resolver: Option<&dyn Resolver<E>>,
     config: CompileConfig,
     arena: &'ast Arena<String>,
-) -> Result<CompilationArtifacts<T, impl IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>> + 'ast>, CompileErrors>
+) -> Result<
-{
+    CompilationArtifacts<'ast, T, impl IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<'ast, T>> + 'ast>,
+    CompileErrors,
+> {
     let (typed_ast, abi): (zokrates_ast::zir::ZirProgram<'_, T>, _) =
         check_with_arena(source, location, resolver, &config, arena)?;
 

zokrates_core/src/flatten/mod.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ mod utils;
 
 use self::utils::flat_expression_from_bits;
 use zokrates_ast::zir::{
-    ConditionalExpression, SelectExpression, ShouldReduce, UMetadata, ZirExpressionList,
+    ConditionalExpression, SelectExpression, ShouldReduce, UMetadata, ZirAssemblyStatement,
+    ZirExpressionList,
 };
 use zokrates_interpreter::Interpreter;
 
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ use zokrates_ast::zir::{
 };
 use zokrates_field::Field;
 
-type FlatStatements<T> = VecDeque<FlatStatement<T>>;
+type FlatStatements<'ast, T> = VecDeque<FlatStatement<'ast, T>>;
 
 /// Flattens a function
 ///
@@ -64,14 +65,14 @@ pub fn from_function_and_config<T: Field>(
 
 pub struct FlattenerIteratorInner<'ast, T> {
     pub statements: VecDeque<ZirStatement<'ast, T>>,
-    pub statements_flattened: FlatStatements<T>,
+    pub statements_flattened: FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
     pub flattener: Flattener<'ast, T>,
 }
 
-pub type FlattenerIterator<'ast, T> = FlatProgIterator<T, FlattenerIteratorInner<'ast, T>>;
+pub type FlattenerIterator<'ast, T> = FlatProgIterator<'ast, T, FlattenerIteratorInner<'ast, T>>;
 
 impl<'ast, T: Field> Iterator for FlattenerIteratorInner<'ast, T> {
-    type Item = FlatStatement<T>;
+    type Item = FlatStatement<'ast, T>;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
         while self.statements_flattened.is_empty() {
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ trait Flatten<'ast, T: Field>:
     fn flatten(
         self,
         flattener: &mut Flattener<'ast, T>,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
     ) -> Self::Output;
 }
 
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flatten<'ast, T> for FieldElementExpression<'ast, T> {
     fn flatten(
         self,
         flattener: &mut Flattener<'ast, T>,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
     ) -> Self::Output {
         flattener.flatten_field_expression(statements_flattened, self)
     }
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flatten<'ast, T> for UExpression<'ast, T> {
     fn flatten(
         self,
         flattener: &mut Flattener<'ast, T>,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
     ) -> Self::Output {
         flattener.flatten_uint_expression(statements_flattened, self)
     }
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flatten<'ast, T> for BooleanExpression<'ast, T> {
     fn flatten(
         self,
         flattener: &mut Flattener<'ast, T>,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
     ) -> Self::Output {
         flattener.flatten_boolean_expression(statements_flattened, self)
     }
@@ -227,7 +228,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     fn define(
         &mut self,
         e: FlatExpression<T>,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
     ) -> Variable {
         match e {
             FlatExpression::Identifier(id) => id,
@@ -276,7 +277,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     #[must_use]
     fn constant_le_check(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         a: &[FlatExpression<T>],
         b: &[bool],
     ) -> Vec<FlatExpression<T>> {
@@ -381,7 +382,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * A FlatExpression which evaluates to `1` if `left == right`, `0` otherwise
     fn eq_check(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         left: FlatExpression<T>,
         right: FlatExpression<T>,
     ) -> FlatExpression<T> {
@@ -434,7 +435,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * `b` - the big-endian bit decomposition of the upper bound of the range
     fn enforce_constant_le_check_bits(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         a: &[FlatExpression<T>],
         c: &[bool],
         error: RuntimeError,
@@ -464,7 +465,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * `c` - the constant upper bound of the range
     fn enforce_constant_le_check(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         e: FlatExpression<T>,
         c: T,
         error: RuntimeError,
@@ -500,7 +501,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * `c` - the constant upper bound of the range
     fn enforce_constant_lt_check(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         e: FlatExpression<T>,
         c: T,
         error: RuntimeError,
@@ -519,9 +520,9 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
 
     fn make_conditional(
         &mut self,
-        statements: FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements: FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         condition: FlatExpression<T>,
-    ) -> FlatStatements<T> {
+    ) -> FlatStatements<'ast, T> {
         statements
             .into_iter()
             .flat_map(|s| match s {
@@ -582,7 +583,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * U is the type of the expression
     fn flatten_conditional_expression<U: Flatten<'ast, T>>(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         e: ConditionalExpression<'ast, T, U>,
     ) -> FlatUExpression<T> {
         let condition = *e.condition;
@@ -680,7 +681,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * a `FlatExpression` which evaluates to `1` if `0 <= e < c`, and to `0` otherwise
     fn constant_lt_check(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         e: FlatExpression<T>,
         c: T,
     ) -> FlatExpression<T> {
@@ -704,7 +705,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * a `FlatExpression` which evaluates to `1` if `0 <= e <= c`, and to `0` otherwise
     fn constant_field_le_check(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         e: FlatExpression<T>,
         c: T,
     ) -> FlatExpression<T> {
@@ -745,7 +746,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     #[must_use]
     fn le_check(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         lhs_flattened: FlatExpression<T>,
         rhs_flattened: FlatExpression<T>,
         bit_width: usize,
@@ -768,7 +769,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     #[must_use]
     fn lt_check(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         lhs_flattened: FlatExpression<T>,
         rhs_flattened: FlatExpression<T>,
         bit_width: usize,
@@ -827,7 +828,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * in order to preserve composability.
     fn flatten_boolean_expression(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         expression: BooleanExpression<'ast, T>,
     ) -> FlatExpression<T> {
         match expression {
@@ -1033,7 +1034,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * `param_expressions` - Arguments of this call
     fn flatten_embed_call(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         embed: FlatEmbed,
         generics: Vec<u32>,
         param_expressions: Vec<ZirExpression<'ast, T>>,
@@ -1134,9 +1135,9 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
 
     fn flatten_embed_call_aux(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         params: Vec<FlatUExpression<T>>,
-        funct: FlatFunctionIterator<T, impl IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<T>>>,
+        funct: FlatFunctionIterator<'ast, T, impl IntoIterator<Item = FlatStatement<'ast, T>>>,
     ) -> Vec<FlatUExpression<T>> {
         let mut replacement_map = HashMap::new();
 
@@ -1219,7 +1220,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * `expr` - `ZirExpression` that will be flattened.
     fn flatten_expression(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         expr: ZirExpression<'ast, T>,
     ) -> FlatUExpression<T> {
         match expr {
@@ -1235,7 +1236,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
 
     fn default_xor(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         left: UExpression<'ast, T>,
         right: UExpression<'ast, T>,
     ) -> FlatUExpression<T> {
@@ -1296,7 +1297,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
 
     fn euclidean_division(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         target_bitwidth: UBitwidth,
         left: UExpression<'ast, T>,
         right: UExpression<'ast, T>,
@@ -1382,7 +1383,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * `expr` - `UExpression` that will be flattened.
     fn flatten_uint_expression(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         expr: UExpression<'ast, T>,
     ) -> FlatUExpression<T> {
         // the bitwidth for this type of uint (8, 16 or 32)
@@ -1875,7 +1876,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
         e: &FlatUExpression<T>,
         from: usize,
         to: usize,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         error: RuntimeError,
     ) -> Vec<FlatExpression<T>> {
         assert!(from <= T::get_required_bits());
@@ -1969,7 +1970,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
 
     fn flatten_select_expression<U: Flatten<'ast, T>>(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         e: SelectExpression<'ast, T, U>,
     ) -> FlatUExpression<T> {
         let array = e.array;
@@ -2033,7 +2034,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * `expr` - `FieldElementExpression` that will be flattened.
     fn flatten_field_expression(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         expr: FieldElementExpression<'ast, T>,
     ) -> FlatExpression<T> {
         match expr {
@@ -2221,6 +2222,35 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
         }
     }
 
+    fn flatten_assembly_statement(
+        &mut self,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
+        stat: ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+    ) {
+        match stat {
+            ZirAssemblyStatement::Assignment(assignees, function) => {
+                let outputs: Vec<Variable> = assignees
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|a| self.use_variable(a)) /*self.layout.get(&a.id).cloned().unwrap()*/
+                    .collect();
+                let inputs: Vec<FlatExpression<T>> = function
+                    .arguments
+                    .iter()
+                    .cloned()
+                    .map(|p| self.layout.get(&p.id.id).cloned().unwrap().into())
+                    .collect();
+                let directive = FlatDirective::new(outputs, Solver::Zir(function), inputs);
+                statements_flattened.push_back(FlatStatement::Directive(directive));
+            }
+            ZirAssemblyStatement::Constraint(lhs, rhs) => {
+                let lhs = self.flatten_field_expression(statements_flattened, lhs);
+                let rhs = self.flatten_field_expression(statements_flattened, rhs);
+
+                self.flatten_equality_assertion(statements_flattened, lhs, rhs, RuntimeError::UnsatisfiedConstraint)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Flattens a statement
     ///
     /// # Arguments
@@ -2229,10 +2259,15 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// * `stat` - `ZirStatement` that will be flattened.
     fn flatten_statement(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         stat: ZirStatement<'ast, T>,
     ) {
         match stat {
+            ZirStatement::Assembly(statements) => {
+                for s in statements {
+                    self.flatten_assembly_statement(statements_flattened, s);
+                }
+            }
             ZirStatement::Return(exprs) => {
                 #[allow(clippy::needless_collect)]
                 // clippy suggests to not collect here, but `statements_flattened` is borrowed in the iterator,
@@ -2633,12 +2668,12 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     ///
     /// # Arguments
     ///
-    /// * `statements_flattened` - `FlatStatements<T>` Vector where new flattened statements can be added.
+    /// * `statements_flattened` - `FlatStatements<'ast, T>` Vector where new flattened statements can be added.
     /// * `lhs` - `FlatExpression<T>` Left-hand side of the equality expression.
     /// * `rhs` - `FlatExpression<T>` Right-hand side of the equality expression.
     fn flatten_equality_assertion(
         &mut self,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
         lhs: FlatExpression<T>,
         rhs: FlatExpression<T>,
         error: RuntimeError,
@@ -2667,11 +2702,11 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     /// # Arguments
     ///
     /// * `e` - `FlatExpression<T>` Expression to be assigned to an identifier.
-    /// * `statements_flattened` - `FlatStatements<T>` Vector where new flattened statements can be added.
+    /// * `statements_flattened` - `FlatStatements<'ast, T>` Vector where new flattened statements can be added.
     fn identify_expression(
         &mut self,
         e: FlatExpression<T>,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
     ) -> FlatExpression<T> {
         match e.is_linear() {
             true => e,
@@ -2710,7 +2745,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<'ast, T> {
     fn use_parameter(
         &mut self,
         parameter: &ZirParameter<'ast>,
-        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<T>,
+        statements_flattened: &mut FlatStatements<'ast, T>,
     ) -> Parameter {
         let variable = self.use_variable(&parameter.id);
 

zokrates_core/src/optimizer/canonicalizer.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use zokrates_field::Field;
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct Canonicalizer;
 
-impl<T: Field> Folder<T> for Canonicalizer {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> Folder<'ast, T> for Canonicalizer {
     fn fold_linear_combination(&mut self, l: LinComb<T>) -> LinComb<T> {
         l.into_canonical().into()
     }

zokrates_core/src/optimizer/directive.rs

@@ -15,18 +15,18 @@ use zokrates_ast::ir::*;
 use zokrates_field::Field;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct DirectiveOptimizer<T> {
+pub struct DirectiveOptimizer<'ast, T> {
-    calls: HashMap<(Solver, Vec<QuadComb<T>>), Vec<Variable>>,
+    calls: HashMap<(Solver<'ast, T>, Vec<QuadComb<T>>), Vec<Variable>>,
     /// Map of renamings for reassigned variables while processing the program.
     substitution: HashMap<Variable, Variable>,
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> Folder<T> for DirectiveOptimizer<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> Folder<'ast, T> for DirectiveOptimizer<'ast, T> {
     fn fold_variable(&mut self, v: Variable) -> Variable {
         *self.substitution.get(&v).unwrap_or(&v)
     }
 
-    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: Statement<T>) -> Vec<Statement<T>> {
+    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: Statement<'ast, T>) -> Vec<Statement<'ast, T>> {
         match s {
             Statement::Directive(d) => {
                 let d = self.fold_directive(d);

zokrates_core/src/optimizer/duplicate.rs

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ pub struct DuplicateOptimizer {
     seen: HashSet<Hash>,
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> Folder<T> for DuplicateOptimizer {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> Folder<'ast, T> for DuplicateOptimizer {
-    fn fold_program(&mut self, p: Prog<T>) -> Prog<T> {
+    fn fold_program(&mut self, p: Prog<'ast, T>) -> Prog<'ast, T> {
         // in order to correctly identify duplicates, we need to first canonicalize the statements
         let mut canonicalizer = Canonicalizer;
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl<T: Field> Folder<T> for DuplicateOptimizer {
         fold_program(self, p)
     }
 
-    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: Statement<T>) -> Vec<Statement<T>> {
+    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: Statement<'ast, T>) -> Vec<Statement<'ast, T>> {
         let hashed = hash(&s);
         let result = match self.seen.get(&hashed) {
             Some(_) => vec![],

zokrates_core/src/optimizer/mod.rs

@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ use self::tautology::TautologyOptimizer;
 use zokrates_ast::ir::{ProgIterator, Statement};
 use zokrates_field::Field;
 
-pub fn optimize<T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+pub fn optimize<'ast, T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>>(
-    p: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+    p: ProgIterator<'ast, T, I>,
-) -> ProgIterator<T, impl IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>> {
+) -> ProgIterator<'ast, T, impl IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>> {
     // remove redefinitions
     log::debug!("Optimizer: Remove redefinitions and tautologies and directives and duplicates");
 

zokrates_core/src/optimizer/redefinition.rs

@@ -53,7 +53,9 @@ pub struct RedefinitionOptimizer<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T> RedefinitionOptimizer<T> {
-    pub fn init<I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(p: &ProgIterator<T, I>) -> Self {
+    pub fn init<'ast, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>>(
+        p: &ProgIterator<'ast, T, I>,
+    ) -> Self {
         RedefinitionOptimizer {
             substitution: HashMap::new(),
             ignore: vec![Variable::one()]
@@ -66,8 +68,8 @@ impl<T> RedefinitionOptimizer<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> Folder<T> for RedefinitionOptimizer<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> Folder<'ast, T> for RedefinitionOptimizer<T> {
-    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: Statement<T>) -> Vec<Statement<T>> {
+    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: Statement<'ast, T>) -> Vec<Statement<'ast, T>> {
         match s {
             Statement::Constraint(quad, lin, message) => {
                 let quad = self.fold_quadratic_combination(quad);

zokrates_core/src/optimizer/tautology.rs

@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use zokrates_field::Field;
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct TautologyOptimizer;
 
-impl<T: Field> Folder<T> for TautologyOptimizer {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> Folder<'ast, T> for TautologyOptimizer {
-    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: Statement<T>) -> Vec<Statement<T>> {
+    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: Statement<'ast, T>) -> Vec<Statement<'ast, T>> {
         match s {
             Statement::Constraint(quad, lin, message) => match quad.try_linear() {
                 Ok(l) => {

zokrates_core/src/semantics.rs

@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
                                     is_mutable: false,
                                 };
                                 assert_eq!(self.scope.level, 0);
-                                assert!(!self.scope.insert(id, info));
+                                assert!(!self.scope.insert(id.into(), info));
                                 assert!(state
                                     .constants
                                     .entry(module_id.to_path_buf())
@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
                                             is_mutable: false,
                                         };
                                         assert_eq!(self.scope.level, 0);
-                                        assert!(!self.scope.insert(id, info));
+                                        assert!(!self.scope.insert(id.into(), info));
 
                                         state
                                             .constants
@@ -1130,12 +1130,12 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
                     // for declaration signatures, generics cannot be ignored
                     generics.0.insert(
                         generic.clone(),
-                        UExpressionInner::Identifier(self.id_in_this_scope(generic.name()).into())
+                        UExpressionInner::Identifier(self.id_in_this_scope(generic.name().into()).into())
                             .annotate(UBitwidth::B32),
                     );
 
                     //we don't have to check for conflicts here, because this was done when checking the signature
-                    self.insert_into_scope(generic.name(), Type::Uint(UBitwidth::B32), false);
+                    self.insert_into_scope(generic.name().into(), Type::Uint(UBitwidth::B32), false);
                 }
 
                 for (arg, decl_ty) in funct.arguments.into_iter().zip(s.inputs.iter()) {
@@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
                     let arg = arg.value;
 
                     let decl_v = DeclarationVariable::new(
-                        self.id_in_this_scope(arg.id.value.id),
+                        self.id_in_this_scope(arg.id.value.id.into()),
                         decl_ty.clone(),
                         arg.id.value.is_mutable,
                     );
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
                         ty,
                         is_mutable,
                     };
-                    match self.scope.insert(id, info) {
+                    match self.scope.insert(id.into(), info) {
                         false => {}
                         true => {
                             errors.push(ErrorInner {
@@ -1651,10 +1651,10 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
             .map_err(|e| vec![e])?;
 
         // insert into the scope and ignore whether shadowing happened
-        self.insert_into_scope(v.value.id, ty.clone(), v.value.is_mutable);
+        self.insert_into_scope(v.value.id.into(), ty.clone(), v.value.is_mutable);
 
         Ok(Variable::new(
-            self.id_in_this_scope(v.value.id),
+            self.id_in_this_scope(v.value.id.into()),
             ty,
             v.value.is_mutable,
         ))
@@ -1770,6 +1770,87 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
         }
     }
 
+    fn check_assembly_statement(
+        &mut self,
+        stat: AssemblyStatementNode<'ast>,
+        module_id: &ModuleId,
+        types: &TypeMap<'ast, T>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>>, ErrorInner> {
+        let pos = stat.pos();
+
+        match stat.value {
+            AssemblyStatement::Assignment(assignee, expression, constrained) => {
+                let assignee = self.check_assignee(assignee, module_id, types)?;
+                let checked_e = self.check_expression(expression, module_id, types)?;
+
+                let e = match checked_e {
+                    TypedExpression::FieldElement(e) => Ok(e),
+                    TypedExpression::Int(e) => Ok(FieldElementExpression::try_from_int(e).unwrap()), // todo: handle properly
+                    _ => Err(ErrorInner {
+                        pos: Some(pos),
+                        message: "Only field element expressions are allowed in the assembly"
+                            .to_string(),
+                    }),
+                }?;
+
+                let e = FieldElementExpression::block(vec![], e);
+                match constrained {
+                    true => {
+                        if !e.is_quadratic() {
+                            return Err(ErrorInner {
+                                pos: Some(pos),
+                                message: "Non quadratic constraints are not allowed".to_string(),
+                            });
+                        }
+                        match assignee.get_type() {
+                            Type::FieldElement => Ok(vec![
+                                TypedAssemblyStatement::Assignment(assignee.clone(), e.clone()),
+                                TypedAssemblyStatement::Constraint(assignee.into(), e),
+                            ]),
+                            _ => Err(ErrorInner {
+                                pos: Some(pos),
+                                message: "Assignee must be of type `field`".to_string(),
+                            }),
+                        }
+                    }
+                    false => Ok(vec![TypedAssemblyStatement::Assignment(assignee, e)]),
+                }
+            }
+            AssemblyStatement::Constraint(lhs, rhs) => {
+                let lhs = self.check_expression(lhs, module_id, types)?;
+                let rhs = self.check_expression(rhs, module_id, types)?;
+                match (lhs, rhs) {
+                    (TypedExpression::FieldElement(lhs), TypedExpression::FieldElement(rhs)) => {
+                        Ok(vec![TypedAssemblyStatement::Constraint(lhs, rhs)])
+                    }
+                    (TypedExpression::FieldElement(lhs), TypedExpression::Int(rhs)) => {
+                        Ok(vec![TypedAssemblyStatement::Constraint(
+                            lhs,
+                            FieldElementExpression::try_from_int(rhs).unwrap(),
+                        )])
+                    }
+                    (TypedExpression::Int(lhs), TypedExpression::FieldElement(rhs)) => {
+                        Ok(vec![TypedAssemblyStatement::Constraint(
+                            FieldElementExpression::try_from_int(lhs).unwrap(),
+                            rhs,
+                        )])
+                    }
+                    (TypedExpression::Int(lhs), TypedExpression::Int(rhs)) => {
+                        Ok(vec![TypedAssemblyStatement::Constraint(
+                            FieldElementExpression::try_from_int(lhs).unwrap(),
+                            FieldElementExpression::try_from_int(rhs).unwrap(),
+                        )])
+                    }
+                    _ => Err(ErrorInner {
+                        pos: Some(pos),
+                        message: "Only field element expressions are allowed in the assembly"
+                            .to_string(),
+                    }),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     fn check_statement(
         &mut self,
         stat: StatementNode<'ast>,
@@ -1779,6 +1860,18 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
         let pos = stat.pos();
 
         match stat.value {
+            Statement::Assembly(statements) => {
+                let mut checked_statements = vec![];
+                for s in statements {
+                    checked_statements.push(
+                        self.check_assembly_statement(s, module_id, types)
+                            .map_err(|e| vec![e])?,
+                    );
+                }
+                Ok(TypedStatement::Assembly(
+                    checked_statements.into_iter().flatten().collect(),
+                ))
+            }
             Statement::Log(l, expressions) => {
                 let l = FormatString::from(l);
 
@@ -1901,10 +1994,10 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
                     .map_err(|e| vec![e])?;
 
                 // insert the lhs into the scope and ignore whether shadowing happened
-                self.insert_into_scope(var.value.id, var_ty.clone(), var.value.is_mutable);
+                self.insert_into_scope(var.value.id.into(), var_ty.clone(), var.value.is_mutable);
 
                 let var = Variable::new(
-                    self.id_in_this_scope(var.value.id),
+                    self.id_in_this_scope(var.value.id.into()),
                     var_ty.clone(),
                     var.value.is_mutable,
                 );
@@ -2037,7 +2130,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
         let pos = assignee.pos();
         // check that the assignee is declared
         match assignee.value {
-            Assignee::Identifier(variable_name) => match self.scope.get(&variable_name) {
+            Assignee::Identifier(variable_name) => match self.scope.get(&variable_name.into()) {
                 Some(info) => match info.is_mutable {
                     false => Err(ErrorInner {
                         pos: Some(assignee.pos()),
@@ -2346,7 +2439,7 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
             Expression::BooleanConstant(b) => Ok(BooleanExpression::Value(b).into()),
             Expression::Identifier(name) => {
                 // check that `id` is defined in the scope
-                match self.scope.get(&name) {
+                match self.scope.get(&name.into()) {
                     Some(info) => {
                         let id = info.id;
                         match info.ty.clone() {
@@ -3615,11 +3708,11 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Checker<'ast, T> {
         is_mutable: bool,
     ) -> bool {
         let info = IdentifierInfo {
-            id: self.id_in_this_scope(id),
+            id: self.id_in_this_scope(id.clone()),
             ty,
             is_mutable,
         };
-        self.scope.insert(id, info)
+        self.scope.insert(id.into(), info)
     }
 
     fn find_functions(

zokrates_core/src/static_analysis/flat_propagation.rs

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ struct Propagator<T> {
     constants: HashMap<Variable, T>,
 }
 
-impl<T: Field> Folder<T> for Propagator<T> {
+impl<'ast, T: Field> Folder<'ast, T> for Propagator<T> {
-    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: FlatStatement<T>) -> Vec<FlatStatement<T>> {
+    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: FlatStatement<'ast, T>) -> Vec<FlatStatement<'ast, T>> {
         match s {
             FlatStatement::Definition(var, expr) => match self.fold_expression(expr) {
                 FlatExpression::Number(n) => {

zokrates_core/src/static_analysis/flatten_complex_types.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use zokrates_ast::typed::types::UBitwidth;
 use zokrates_ast::typed::{self, Expr, Typed};
-use zokrates_ast::zir::{self, Select};
+use zokrates_ast::zir::{self, Folder, Select};
 use zokrates_field::Field;
 
 use std::convert::{TryFrom, TryInto};
@@ -224,6 +225,14 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<T> {
         }
     }
 
+    fn fold_assembly_statement(
+        &mut self,
+        statements_buffer: &mut Vec<zir::ZirStatement<'ast, T>>,
+        s: typed::TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+    ) -> zir::ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T> {
+        fold_assembly_statement(self, statements_buffer, s)
+    }
+
     fn fold_statement(
         &mut self,
         statements_buffer: &mut Vec<zir::ZirStatement<'ast, T>>,
@@ -393,12 +402,102 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> Flattener<T> {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct ArgumentFinder<'ast, T> {
+    pub identifiers: HashSet<zir::Identifier<'ast>>,
+    _phantom: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<'ast, T: Field> Folder<'ast, T> for ArgumentFinder<'ast, T> {
+    fn fold_name(&mut self, n: zir::Identifier<'ast>) -> zir::Identifier<'ast> {
+        self.identifiers.insert(n.clone());
+        n
+    }
+    fn fold_statement(&mut self, s: zir::ZirStatement<'ast, T>) -> Vec<zir::ZirStatement<'ast, T>> {
+        match s {
+            zir::ZirStatement::Definition(assignee, expr) => {
+                let assignee = self.fold_assignee(assignee);
+                let expr = self.fold_expression(expr);
+                self.identifiers.remove(&assignee.id);
+                vec![zir::ZirStatement::Definition(assignee, expr)]
+            }
+            zir::ZirStatement::MultipleDefinition(assignees, list) => {
+                let assignees: Vec<zir::ZirAssignee<'ast>> = assignees
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|v| self.fold_assignee(v))
+                    .collect();
+                let list = self.fold_expression_list(list);
+                for a in &assignees {
+                    self.identifiers.remove(&a.id);
+                }
+                vec![zir::ZirStatement::MultipleDefinition(assignees, list)]
+            }
+            s => zir::folder::fold_statement(self, s),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn fold_assembly_statement<'ast, T: Field>(
+    f: &mut Flattener<T>,
+    statements_buffer: &mut Vec<zir::ZirStatement<'ast, T>>,
+    s: typed::TypedAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+) -> zir::ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T> {
+    match s {
+        typed::TypedAssemblyStatement::Assignment(a, e) => {
+            let mut statements_buffer: Vec<zir::ZirStatement<'ast, T>> = vec![];
+            let a = f.fold_assignee(a);
+            let e = f.fold_field_expression(&mut statements_buffer, e);
+            statements_buffer.push(zir::ZirStatement::Return(vec![
+                zir::ZirExpression::FieldElement(e),
+            ]));
+
+            let mut finder = ArgumentFinder::default();
+            let mut statements_buffer: Vec<zir::ZirStatement<'ast, T>> = statements_buffer
+                .into_iter()
+                .rev()
+                .map(|s| finder.fold_statement(s))
+                .flatten()
+                .collect();
+            statements_buffer.reverse();
+
+            let function = zir::ZirFunction {
+                signature: zir::types::Signature::default()
+                    .inputs(vec![zir::Type::FieldElement; finder.identifiers.len()])
+                    .outputs(a.iter().map(|a| a.get_type()).collect()),
+                arguments: finder
+                    .identifiers
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|id| zir::Parameter {
+                        id: zir::Variable::field_element(id),
+                        private: false,
+                    })
+                    .collect(),
+                statements: statements_buffer,
+            };
+
+            zir::ZirAssemblyStatement::Assignment(a, function)
+        }
+        typed::TypedAssemblyStatement::Constraint(lhs, rhs) => {
+            let lhs = f.fold_field_expression(statements_buffer, lhs);
+            let rhs = f.fold_field_expression(statements_buffer, rhs);
+            zir::ZirAssemblyStatement::Constraint(lhs, rhs)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn fold_statement<'ast, T: Field>(
     f: &mut Flattener<T>,
     statements_buffer: &mut Vec<zir::ZirStatement<'ast, T>>,
     s: typed::TypedStatement<'ast, T>,
 ) {
     let res = match s {
+        typed::TypedStatement::Assembly(statements) => {
+            let statements = statements
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|s| f.fold_assembly_statement(statements_buffer, s))
+                .collect();
+            vec![zir::ZirStatement::Assembly(statements)]
+        }
         typed::TypedStatement::Return(expression) => vec![zir::ZirStatement::Return(
             f.fold_expression(statements_buffer, expression),
         )],

zokrates_core/src/static_analysis/propagation.rs

@@ -220,6 +220,38 @@ impl<'ast, 'a, T: Field> ResultFolder<'ast, T> for Propagator<'ast, 'a, T> {
         s: TypedStatement<'ast, T>,
     ) -> Result<Vec<TypedStatement<'ast, T>>, Error> {
         match s {
+            TypedStatement::Assembly(statements) => {
+                let mut assembly_statement_buffer = vec![];
+                let mut statement_buffer = vec![];
+
+                for s in statements {
+                    match self.fold_assembly_statement(s)? {
+                        TypedAssemblyStatement::Assignment(assignee, expr) => {
+                            // invalidate the cache
+                            let v = self
+                                .try_get_constant_mut(&assignee)
+                                .map(|(v, _)| v)
+                                .unwrap_or_else(|v| v);
+
+                            match self.constants.remove(&v.id) {
+                                Some(c) => {
+                                    statement_buffer.push(TypedStatement::Definition(
+                                        v.clone().into(),
+                                        c.into(),
+                                    ));
+                                }
+                                None => {}
+                            }
+                            assembly_statement_buffer
+                                .push(TypedAssemblyStatement::Assignment(assignee, expr));
+                        }
+                        s => assembly_statement_buffer.push(s),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                statement_buffer.push(TypedStatement::Assembly(assembly_statement_buffer));
+                Ok(statement_buffer)
+            }
             // propagation to the defined variable if rhs is a constant
             TypedStatement::Definition(assignee, DefinitionRhs::Expression(expr)) => {
                 let assignee = self.fold_assignee(assignee)?;

zokrates_core/src/static_analysis/zir_propagation.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::fmt;
 use zokrates_ast::zir::types::UBitwidth;
 use zokrates_ast::zir::{
     result_folder::*, Conditional, ConditionalExpression, ConditionalOrExpression, Expr,
-    SelectExpression, SelectOrExpression,
+    SelectExpression, SelectOrExpression, ZirAssemblyStatement,
 };
 use zokrates_ast::zir::{
     BooleanExpression, FieldElementExpression, Identifier, RuntimeError, UExpression,
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ pub struct ZirPropagator<'ast, T> {
 }
 
 impl<'ast, T: Field> ZirPropagator<'ast, T> {
+    pub fn with_constants(constants:  Constants<'ast, T>) -> Self {
+        Self { constants }
+    }
     pub fn propagate(p: ZirProgram<T>) -> Result<ZirProgram<T>, Error> {
         ZirPropagator::default().fold_program(p)
     }
@@ -50,6 +53,24 @@ impl<'ast, T: Field> ZirPropagator<'ast, T> {
 impl<'ast, T: Field> ResultFolder<'ast, T> for ZirPropagator<'ast, T> {
     type Error = Error;
 
+    fn fold_assembly_statement(
+        &mut self,
+        s: ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>,
+    ) -> Result<ZirAssemblyStatement<'ast, T>, Self::Error> {
+        match s {
+            ZirAssemblyStatement::Assignment(assignees, function) => {
+                for a in &assignees {
+                    self.constants.remove(&a.id);
+                }
+                Ok(ZirAssemblyStatement::Assignment(
+                    assignees,
+                    self.fold_function(function)?,
+                ))
+            }
+            s => fold_assembly_statement(self, s),
+        }
+    }
+
     fn fold_statement(
         &mut self,
         s: ZirStatement<'ast, T>,

zokrates_interpreter/src/lib.rs

@@ -24,21 +24,22 @@ impl Interpreter {
 }
 
 impl Interpreter {
-    pub fn execute<T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>>(
+    pub fn execute<'ast, T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>>(
         &self,
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'ast, T, I>,
         inputs: &[T],
     ) -> ExecutionResult<T> {
         self.execute_with_log_stream(program, inputs, &mut std::io::sink())
     }
 
     pub fn execute_with_log_stream<
+        'ast,
         W: std::io::Write,
         T: Field,
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>,
     >(
         &self,
-        program: ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ProgIterator<'ast, T, I>,
         inputs: &[T],
         log_stream: &mut W,
     ) -> ExecutionResult<T> {
@@ -142,9 +143,9 @@ impl Interpreter {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    fn check_inputs<T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<T>>, U>(
+    fn check_inputs<'ast, T: Field, I: IntoIterator<Item = Statement<'ast, T>>, U>(
         &self,
-        program: &ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: &ProgIterator<'ast, T, I>,
         inputs: &[U],
     ) -> Result<(), Error> {
         if program.arguments.len() == inputs.len() {
@@ -157,11 +158,18 @@ impl Interpreter {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn execute_solver<T: Field>(solver: &Solver, inputs: &[T]) -> Result<Vec<T>, String> {
+    pub fn execute_solver<'ast, T: Field>(
+        solver: &Solver<'ast, T>,
+        inputs: &[T],
+    ) -> Result<Vec<T>, String> {
         let (expected_input_count, expected_output_count) = solver.get_signature();
         assert_eq!(inputs.len(), expected_input_count);
 
         let res = match solver {
+            Solver::Zir(func) => {
+                // TODO: implement evaluation of the function
+                vec![inputs[1].checked_div(&inputs[0]).unwrap()]
+            }
             Solver::ConditionEq => match inputs[0].is_zero() {
                 true => vec![T::zero(), T::one()],
                 false => vec![

zokrates_js/src/lib.rs

@@ -349,13 +349,14 @@ mod internal {
     }
 
     pub fn setup_universal<
+        'a,
         T: Field,
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>,
         S: UniversalScheme<T> + Serialize,
         B: UniversalBackend<T, S>,
     >(
         srs: &[u8],
-        program: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     ) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
         let keypair = B::setup(srs.to_vec(), program).map_err(|e| JsValue::from_str(&e))?;
         Ok(JsValue::from_serde(&TaggedKeypair::<T, S>::new(keypair)).unwrap())

zokrates_parser/src/zokrates.pest

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ _mut = {"mut"}
 
 
 // Statements
-statement = { (iteration_statement // does not require semicolon
+statement = { (iteration_statement | asm_statement // does not require semicolon
               | ((log_statement
                 |return_statement
                 | definition_statement
@@ -66,6 +66,15 @@ return_statement = { "return" ~ expression? }
 definition_statement = { typed_identifier_or_assignee ~ "=" ~ expression }
 assertion_statement = {"assert" ~ "(" ~ expression ~ ("," ~ quoted_string)? ~ ")"}
 
+op_asm_assign = @{"<--"}
+op_asm_assign_constrain = @{"<=="}
+
+asm_assignment = { assignee ~ (op_asm_assign | op_asm_assign_constrain) ~ expression }
+asm_constraint = { expression ~ "===" ~ expression }
+
+asm_statement_inner = { (asm_assignment | asm_constraint) ~ semicolon ~ NEWLINE* }
+asm_statement = { "asm" ~ "{" ~ NEWLINE* ~ asm_statement_inner* ~ NEWLINE* ~ "}" }
+
 typed_identifier_or_assignee = { typed_identifier | assignee }
 
 // Expressions

zokrates_pest_ast/src/lib.rs

@@ -8,11 +8,12 @@ use zokrates_parser::Rule;
 extern crate lazy_static;
 
 pub use ast::{
-    Access, Arguments, ArrayAccess, ArrayInitializerExpression, ArrayType, AssertionStatement,
+    Access, Arguments, ArrayAccess, ArrayInitializerExpression, ArrayType, AssemblyStatement,
-    Assignee, AssigneeAccess, BasicOrStructOrTupleType, BasicType, BinaryExpression,
+    AssemblyStatementInner, AssertionStatement, Assignee, AssigneeAccess, AssignmentOperator,
-    BinaryOperator, CallAccess, ConstantDefinition, ConstantGenericValue, DecimalLiteralExpression,
+    BasicOrStructOrTupleType, BasicType, BinaryExpression, BinaryOperator, CallAccess,
-    DecimalNumber, DecimalSuffix, DefinitionStatement, ExplicitGenerics, Expression, FieldType,
+    ConstantDefinition, ConstantGenericValue, DecimalLiteralExpression, DecimalNumber,
-    File, FromExpression, FunctionDefinition, HexLiteralExpression, HexNumberExpression,
+    DecimalSuffix, DefinitionStatement, ExplicitGenerics, Expression, FieldType, File,
+    FromExpression, FunctionDefinition, HexLiteralExpression, HexNumberExpression,
     IdentifierExpression, IdentifierOrDecimal, IfElseExpression, ImportDirective, ImportSymbol,
     InlineArrayExpression, InlineStructExpression, InlineStructMember, InlineTupleExpression,
     IterationStatement, LiteralExpression, LogStatement, Parameter, PostfixExpression, Range,
@@ -366,6 +367,7 @@ mod ast {
         Assertion(AssertionStatement<'ast>),
         Iteration(IterationStatement<'ast>),
         Log(LogStatement<'ast>),
+        Assembly(AssemblyStatement<'ast>),
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, FromPest, PartialEq, Clone)]
@@ -423,6 +425,72 @@ mod ast {
         pub span: Span<'ast>,
     }
 
+    // #[derive(Debug, FromPest, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+    // #[pest_ast(rule(Rule::op_asm_assign))]
+    // pub struct AssemblyAssignOperator;
+    //
+    // #[derive(Debug, FromPest, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+    // #[pest_ast(rule(Rule::op_asm_assign_constrain))]
+    // pub struct AssemblyAssignConstrainOperator;
+    //
+    // #[derive(Debug, FromPest, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+    // #[pest_ast(rule(Rule::op_asm_constrain))]
+    // pub struct AssemblyConstrainOperator;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+    pub enum AssignmentOperator {
+        Assign,
+        AssignConstrain,
+    }
+
+    impl<'ast> FromPest<'ast> for AssignmentOperator {
+        type Rule = Rule;
+        type FatalError = Void;
+
+        fn from_pest(pest: &mut Pairs<'ast, Rule>) -> Result<Self, ConversionError<Void>> {
+            let pair = pest.next().ok_or(::from_pest::ConversionError::NoMatch)?;
+            match pair.as_rule() {
+                Rule::op_asm_assign => Ok(AssignmentOperator::Assign),
+                Rule::op_asm_assign_constrain => Ok(AssignmentOperator::AssignConstrain),
+                _ => Err(ConversionError::NoMatch),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, FromPest, PartialEq, Clone)]
+    #[pest_ast(rule(Rule::asm_assignment))]
+    pub struct AssemblyAssignment<'ast> {
+        pub assignee: Assignee<'ast>,
+        pub operator: AssignmentOperator,
+        pub expression: Expression<'ast>,
+        #[pest_ast(outer())]
+        pub span: Span<'ast>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, FromPest, PartialEq, Clone)]
+    #[pest_ast(rule(Rule::asm_constraint))]
+    pub struct AssemblyConstraint<'ast> {
+        pub lhs: Expression<'ast>,
+        pub rhs: Expression<'ast>,
+        #[pest_ast(outer())]
+        pub span: Span<'ast>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, FromPest, PartialEq, Clone)]
+    #[pest_ast(rule(Rule::asm_statement_inner))]
+    pub enum AssemblyStatementInner<'ast> {
+        Assignment(AssemblyAssignment<'ast>),
+        Constraint(AssemblyConstraint<'ast>),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, FromPest, PartialEq, Clone)]
+    #[pest_ast(rule(Rule::asm_statement))]
+    pub struct AssemblyStatement<'ast> {
+        pub inner: Vec<AssemblyStatementInner<'ast>>,
+        #[pest_ast(outer())]
+        pub span: Span<'ast>,
+    }
+
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
     pub enum BinaryOperator {
         BitXor,

zokrates_proof_systems/src/lib.rs

@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ impl ToString for G2AffineFq2 {
 }
 
 pub trait Backend<T: Field, S: Scheme<T>> {
-    fn generate_proof<I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>>(
+    fn generate_proof<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>>(
-        program: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
         witness: ir::Witness<T>,
         proving_key: Vec<u8>,
     ) -> Proof<T, S>;
@@ -105,36 +105,36 @@ pub trait Backend<T: Field, S: Scheme<T>> {
     fn verify(vk: S::VerificationKey, proof: Proof<T, S>) -> bool;
 }
 pub trait NonUniversalBackend<T: Field, S: NonUniversalScheme<T>>: Backend<T, S> {
-    fn setup<I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>>(
+    fn setup<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>>(
-        program: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     ) -> SetupKeypair<T, S>;
 }
 
 pub trait UniversalBackend<T: Field, S: UniversalScheme<T>>: Backend<T, S> {
     fn universal_setup(size: u32) -> Vec<u8>;
 
-    fn setup<I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>>(
+    fn setup<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>>(
         srs: Vec<u8>,
-        program: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
     ) -> Result<SetupKeypair<T, S>, String>;
 }
 
 pub trait MpcBackend<T: Field, S: Scheme<T>> {
-    fn initialize<R: Read, W: Write, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>>(
+    fn initialize<'a, R: Read, W: Write, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>>(
-        program: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
         phase1_radix: &mut R,
         output: &mut W,
     ) -> Result<(), String>;
 
-    fn contribute<R: Read, W: Write, G: Rng>(
+    fn contribute<'a, R: Read, W: Write, G: Rng>(
         params: &mut R,
         rng: &mut G,
         output: &mut W,
     ) -> Result<[u8; 64], String>;
 
-    fn verify<P: Read, R: Read, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<T>>>(
+    fn verify<'a, P: Read, R: Read, I: IntoIterator<Item = ir::Statement<'a, T>>>(
         params: &mut P,
-        program: ir::ProgIterator<T, I>,
+        program: ir::ProgIterator<'a, T, I>,
         phase1_radix: &mut R,
     ) -> Result<Vec<[u8; 64]>, String>;